Dietary sodium, potassium intake, sodium-to-potassium ratio and risk of hypertension: a protocol for systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies

Yang, Yingtian; Wu, Qian; Lv, Qianyu; Li, Junjia; Li, Lanlan; Wang, Shihan

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065470

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 53 publications

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“…116 Numerous studies and expert perspectives advocate that the Na/K ratio is a more accurate indicator of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. 117 The decrease of cardiovascular risk is related to the decrease of the Na/K ratio. 118 However, apprehensions persist regarding the potential adverse effects arising from elevated potassium intake, including the occurrence of hyperkalemia.…”

Section: Food and Function Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies – preparing for the upcoming year 2025

Nie,

Huang,

Yang

et al. 2024

Food Funct.

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Section: Food and Function Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies – preparing for the upcoming year 2025

Nie,

Huang,

Yang

et al. 2024

Food Funct.

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Less sodium, more potassium, or both: population-wide strategies to prevent hypertension

Nissaisorakarn

Ormseth

Earle

et al. 2023

American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology

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Hypertension is among the most prevalent medical conditions globally and a major contributor to chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and death. Prevention through non-pharmacologic, population-level interventions is critically needed to halt this worldwide epidemic. However, there are ongoing debates as to where public policy efforts should focus. Recently the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study demonstrated the efficacy of substituting table salt with potassium salt to reduce the risk of stroke, major cardiovascular events, and death. However, this sparked debate over whether sodium or potassium should be prioritized in countries where table salt substitution was less feasible. In this commentary, we summarize arguments in favor of either strategy: reduced sodium or increased potassium intake. Moreover, we discuss evidence and policy approaches related to either or combined approaches relevant to cultural context. Ultimately, there is an urgent need for policies that both reduce sodium and increase potassium intake; however, identifying a strategy that fits cultural context will be key to improve population-wide blood pressures.

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Assessment of Salt, Potassium, and Iodine Intake in the Croatian Adult Population Using 24 h Urinary Collection: The EH-UH 2 Study

Marinović Glavić,

Bilajac,

Bolješić

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Croatia, are linked to the high prevalence of hypertension. Both are associated with high salt intake, which was determined almost two decades ago when Croatian Action on Salt and Health (CRASH) was launched. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate salt, potassium, and iodine intake using a single 24 h urine sample in a random sample of the adult Croatian population and to analyse trends in salt consumption after the CRASH was intensively started. Methods: In this study, we analysed data on 1067 adult participants (mean age 57.12 (SD 13.9), men 35%). Results: Mean salt and potassium intakes were 8.6 g/day (IQR 6.2–11.2) and 2.8 g/day (IQR 2.1–3.5), respectively, with a sodium-to-potassium ratio of 2.6 (IQR 1.8–3.3). We detected a decrease of 17.6% (2 g/day less) in salt consumption compared with our previous salt-mapping study. However, only 13.7% and 8.9% met the WHO salt and potassium recommended targets of 5 g/day and 3.5 g/day, respectively. Salt intake was higher, and potassium ingestion was lower, in rural vs. urban regions and in continental vs. Mediterranean parts of Croatia. Moderate to severe iodine insufficiency was determined in only 3% of the adult participants. Conclusion: In the last fifteen years, salt consumption has been significantly reduced in the Croatian adult population because of the intensive and broad CRASH program. However, salt intake is still too high, and potassium ingestion is too low. Salt reduction programs are the most cost-effective methods of cardiovascular disease prevention and merit greater consideration by the government and health policy makers.

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Dietary sodium, potassium intake, sodium-to-potassium ratio and risk of hypertension: a protocol for systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies

Cited by 3 publications

References 53 publications

A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies – preparing for the upcoming year 2025

A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies – preparing for the upcoming year 2025

Less sodium, more potassium, or both: population-wide strategies to prevent hypertension

Assessment of Salt, Potassium, and Iodine Intake in the Croatian Adult Population Using 24 h Urinary Collection: The EH-UH 2 Study

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