Dietary Sodium Promotes Increased Water Intake and Urine Volume in Cats

Hawthorne, Amanda J.; Markwell, Peter J.

doi:10.1093/jn/134.8.2128s

Cited by 42 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…As expected, increased Na intake was positively associated with both an increased urine volume and a decreased Uox concentration (Table 3). This effect can be explained by the increased diuresis induced by the increase in tubular excretion of Na and water (Hawthorne and Markwell, 2004). The majority of nutrients associated with Uox excretion rate (i.e., TDF, Ca, P, and oxalate) and urine volume (TDF, ash, P, Na, and oxalate) were also found to be associated with changes in Uox concentration, indicating involvement of both urine volume and Uox excretion rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Factors contributing to the variation in feline urinary oxalate excretion rate1

Dijcker

Hagen-Plantinga

Everts

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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This study aimed to identify factors (season, animal, and diet) contributing to the variation in urinary oxalate (Uox) excretion rate, Uox concentration, and urine volume in healthy adult cats. A data set (1,940 observations) containing information on Uox excretion rate of 65 cats fed 252 diets (i.e., each diet was fed to a group of 6 to 8 cats), with known dietary oxalate concentrations, collected over a 6 yr period at a feline nutrition facility, were retrospectively analyzed. Data related to season, animal (i.e., age, gender, body weight, and breed), and diet (i.e., nutrient content) characteristics were subjected to stepwise multivariate regression analysis to identify factors significantly correlated to Uox excretion rate (μmol/(kg BW 0.67 ·d)) and concentration (mmol/L) as well as urine volume (mL/(kg BW 0.67 ·d)). Independent factors significantly (P < 0.05) associated with lower Uox concentration (mmol/L) included greater ash, Ca, and Na intake and lower nitrogen-free extract, total dietary fiber, P, and oxalate intake, and a body weight <5 kg. Factors significantly associated with lower Uox excretion rate (μmol/(kg BW 0.67 ·d)) included greater crude fat and Ca intake and lower CP, total dietary fiber, P, and oxalate intake. However, a considerable part of the variation in Uox excretion rate remained unexplained. The majority of the unexplained variation in Uox excretion rate is likely to be related to factors involved in endogenous oxalate synthesis, as the majority of the dietary factors involved in intestinal oxalate absorption were included in the model. Apparent intestinal oxalate absorption was estimated to be 6.2% on average; however, much variation was present. Future research on Uox excretion rate in cats should focus on the influence of dietary protein sources, amino acid composition, vitamin C (that was not included in the present study), and variations in apparent intestinal oxalate absorption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Factors contributing to the variation in feline urinary oxalate excretion rate1

Dijcker

Hagen-Plantinga

Everts

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Anderson (1982) reported that cats fed diets with low (1·4% dry matter) NaCl had lower water intake when compared with those fed a diet with high (4·6% dry matter) NaCl. Additionally, a diet with elevated sodium content has been reported to increase urine volume and decrease urine specific gravity (Hawthorne & Markwell 2004, Paßlack et al 2014). In healthy cats, feeding diets high in sodium does not seem to cause increased blood pressure or reduced bone mineral content (Xu et al 2009, Reynolds et al 2013, Chetboul et al 2014.Thus, increasing salt intake may be a viable option to promote diuresis in systemically healthy cats with only lower urinary disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of two calculolytic diets on parameters of feline mineral metabolism

Pineda

Aguilera–Tejero

Raya

et al. 2015

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…() detected an increase in total urinary calcium excretion in six cats fed a diet of 560 mg/MJ ME sodium over 12 days, although urinary calcium concentration was significantly lower than that of cats fed diets with <240 mg/MJ ME sodium (Table ). In contrast, Hawthorne and Markwell () and Xu et al. () reported no significant effect of dietary sodium levels (>655 mg/MJ ME vs. <420 mg/MJ ME over 3 weeks and 695 mg/MJ ME vs. 335 mg/MJ ME over 6 months, respectively) on urinary calcium excretion.…”

Section: Dietary Sodium and Feline Health Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Diets with high moisture content have also been shown to reduce calcium oxalate RSS in urolith-forming cats (Lulich et al, 2004). High dietary sodium content resulted in higher production (due to increased water intake; Burger, 1979;Burger et al, 1980) of urine with lower specific gravity (Hawthorne and Markwell, 2004;Kirk et al, 2006;Paßlack et al, 2014). Moreover, higher dietary sodium content was associated with both higher calcium concentration and lower oxalate urinary concentration, such that calcium oxalate RSS was not affected by sodium intake (Paßlack et al, 2014).…”

Section: Dietary Sodium and Feline Health Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium in feline nutrition

Nguyen

Reynolds²,

Zentek

et al. 2016

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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SummaryHigh sodium levels in cat food have been controversial for a long time. Nonetheless, high sodium levels are used to enhance water intake and urine volume, with the main objective of reducing the risk of urolithiasis. This article is a review of current evidence of the putative risks and benefits of high dietary sodium levels. Its secondary aim is to report a possible safe upper limit (SUL) for sodium intake. The first part of the manuscript is dedicated to sodium physiology, with a focus on the mechanisms of sodium homeostasis. In this respect, there is only few information regarding possible interactions with other minerals. Next, the authors address how sodium intake affects sodium balance; knowledge of these effects is critical to establish recommendations for sodium feed content. The authors then review the consequences of changes in sodium intake on feline health, including urolithiasis, blood pressure changes, cardiovascular alterations and kidney disease. According to recent, long-term studies, there is no evidence of any deleterious effect of dietary sodium levels as high as 740 mg/MJ metabolizable energy, which can therefore be considered the SUL based on current knowledge.

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Dietary Sodium Promotes Increased Water Intake and Urine Volume in Cats

Cited by 42 publications

References 7 publications

Factors contributing to the variation in feline urinary oxalate excretion rate1

Factors contributing to the variation in feline urinary oxalate excretion rate1

Effects of two calculolytic diets on parameters of feline mineral metabolism

Sodium in feline nutrition

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