Dietary Supplemental Glutamine Enhances the Percentage of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Subjected to Hind Limb Ischemia

Abstract

This study investigated whether glutamine (GLN) pretreatment can enhance circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and attenuate inflammatory reaction in high-fat diet-induced obese mice with limb ischemia. Mice were assigned to a normal control (NC), high-fat control (HC), limb ischemia (HI), and GLN limb ischemia (HG) groups. The NC group provided chow diet and treated as a negative control. Mice in the HC and HI groups were fed a high-fat diet which 60% energy provided by fat for 8 weeks. Mice in the HG group were fed the same diet for 4 weeks and then transferred to a high-fat diet with 25% of total protein nitrogen provided as GLN to replace part of the casein for the subsequent 4 weeks. After feeding 8 weeks, mice in the HC group were sham-operated, while the HI and HG groups underwent an operation to induce limb ischemia. All mice except the NC group were euthanized on either day 1 or 7 after the operation. The results showed that the 8 weeks’ high-fat diet feeding resulted in obesity. The HG group had higher circulating EPCs on day 1 while muscle vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 gene expressions were higher on day 7 postischemia than those of the HI group. The superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione content in affected muscles were higher, whereas mRNA expressions of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were lower in the HG than those in the HI group. These findings suggest that obese mice pretreated with GLN-supplemented high-fat diet increased circulating EPC percentage, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and attenuated inflammatory reactions in response to limb ischemia.

Fasting Therapy Contributes to the Improvement of Endothelial Function and Decline in Vascular Injury‐Related Markers in Overweight and Obese Individuals via Activating Autophagy of Endothelial Progenitor Cells

“…Large amounts of studies demonstrate that EPCs are pivotal to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis [ 22 ] and deficiency in function and number of EPCs contribute to endothelial dysfunction in obesity [ 50 , 51 ]. There was preliminary evidence indicates that restrict calorie restriction increased endothelial function in vivo; a 2-day fasting intervention improves endothelial progenitor cell-mediated ischemic angiogenesis in mice [ 52 ].…”

Epstein–Barr Virus DNA Exacerbates Colitis Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…For this purpose, 100 ng of cDNA were added to 5 µL SYBR Green Supermix, 150 pmoles of each primer and RNase-free water for a total reaction volume of 10 µL. Previously published primer pairs for IL-17A [ 16 ], IFNγ [ 28 ], TNFα [ 29 ], CTLA4 [ 16 ], TLR3 [ 30 ], TLR7 [ 31 ], TLR9 and β-actin [ 16 ] were obtained from Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea). The real time program consisted of 5 min at 95 °C followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and the annealing temperature for each primer pair for 30 s. Sequences and annealing temperatures for each primer pair are indicated in Table 1 .…”