Dietary Supplementation Practices of Singaporean Athletes

Slater, Gary; Tan, Benedict; Teh, Kong Chuan

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.320

Cited by 81 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The results of this study did not show significant correlation between mood disorders and AAS use which is different from the results of other studies that showed the higher prevalence of all mental disorders in AAS users except phobia, paranoia and psychosis (16). Also the AAS users had more often sought professional help for mental problems (10).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…The mean reported prevalence in Iran is higher than developed countries (13). The knowledge level of young people, people with low education and people with little athletic experience about the side effects of AAS is very low (14,15); the rate of AAS usage has an indirect relation- ship with the individual's knowledge and education (16). Oxymetholone is the most common used drug in this category especially in Sweden (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating the Pattern of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use and Its Relation with Mental Health of Male Members of Bodybuilding Clubs of Iran, in 2015

et al. 2017

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Background: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are currently used by many athletes for skeletal muscle development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of AAS use among bodybuilder athletes in Iran at 2015. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study 384 bodybuilders filled the study questionnaire evaluating age, education, and age at AAS use as underlying variables; pattern of AAS use as independent variable; and knowledge about AAS side effects and the relation between mental health and AAS use as dependent variables. Data was analyzed by SPSS using frequency tables, mean and standard deviation, chi-2, t-test, analysis of variances and regression. Results: Among 920 participants, 104 (11.3%) were current users, and 210 (22.8%) had the history of usage. Physical attraction was reason of use in 57.6% and increasing power and ability to enter professional sport were reasons for use in 44 participants each (21.2%). The marital status, age and education level did not have significant effects on AAS use. Friends (76.7%) and coaches (67.4%) had significant correlation with AAS use in participants (P < 0.000). The simultaneous use of alcohol (46.5%) and smoking (27.9%) among AAS users was significant (P < 0.001). Only 4.7% of participants had proper information about AAS side effects. Conclusions: The participants had little knowledge about AAS side effects, therefore educating adolescents and youth in high schools and universities, and also in sports clubs is necessary. Periodical assessment of coaches and athletes with regard to AAS use, and proper law enforcement in this regard is important.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Pattern of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use and Its Relation with Mental Health of Male Members of Bodybuilding Clubs of Iran, in 2015

et al. 2017

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“…Previous studies have reported that 62 -80% of highperformance athletes under 20 years of age [188,190,209] and 51 -99% of all elite athletes use at least one dietary supplement [187,188,190,192,193,195].…”

Section: The Prevalence Knowledge and Attitudes Relating To Supplemementioning

confidence: 99%

“…caps. In addition, some researchers have also included, as supplements, coffee [197] and essence of chicken [193,196]. Whilst the majority of dietary supplements are taken by the general public to improve their health, athletes typically take supplements to enhance their training capacity and/or improve performance.…”

Section: The Prevalence Knowledge and Attitudes Relating To Supplemementioning

confidence: 99%

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β–alanine: performance effects, usage and side effects

Kelly¹

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β-alanine is a relatively new ergogenic aid and a number of questions relating to its effectiveness in enhancing high intensity exercise performance remain to be addressed. The five studies described in this thesis examined the influence of β-alanine supplementation and high intensity training on exercise capacity and considered factors that potentially influence dosage compliance and side effects -factors that may impact on the ergogenic value of β-alanine supplementation. Study 1 examined the efficacy of β-alanine supplementation in conjunction with repeated sprint and sprint interval training (and combined with a pre-exercise dose of sodium bicarbonate), on repeated-sprint ability and high intensity cycling capacity (time to fatigue at 110% of maximum power output). β-alanine supplementation, when combined with sprint and interval training, improved repeated sprint ability but did not influence high intensity cycle capacity. Furthermore, acute sodium bicarbonate ingestion improved high intensity cycle capacity before training but had no influence on either repeated sprint ability or exercise capacity after training. It is likely that intramuscular buffer capacity increased as a result of training and that this may have outweighed the potential ergogenic buffering effects of β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate (i.e., both alone and in combination).Study 2 investigated β-alanine supplementation use and level of knowledge amongst professional rugby union (n = 87), rugby league (n = 180) and Australian Rules Football (n = 303) players. Over half the professional footballers surveyed used β-alanine, yet most supplemented in a manner inconsistent with recommendations. A better understanding of the environment and culture within professional football codes is required before supplement use aligns with evidence-based β-alanine supplementation recommendations. In light of these findings, Study 3 examined compliance levels to β-alanine supplementation in an applied setting. Compliance over a 28 day period was 59% (± 24%) which was significantly lower than the mean compliance rate reported by others (96%) (p < 0.0001). It was concluded that the determinants of β-alanine (non-) compliance in athletes needed to be further investigated. Study 4 examined potential relationships between different β-alanine dosages and side effects. Healthy male participants were divided into low (< 75 kg) and high (> 85kg) body mass groups and completed three supplementation treatments: 1. a placebo, 2. β-alanine as a relative dose of 0.02 g·kgBM -1 and 3. β-alanine as an absolute dose of 1.6 g. For 90 min following supplementation in each condition, participants completed a questionnaire that sought responses to side effects. It was found that lighter individuals iii experienced fewer side effects when they supplemented with β-alanine as a dose relative to body mass; heavier individuals experienced fewer side effects when they consumed an absolute dose of 1.6 g. It was concluded that individualising the supplementation of β-alanine is...

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Carbohydrate Supplementation and Prolonged Intermittent High-Intensity Exercise in Adolescents

Phillips

2012

Sports Med

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In the last decade, research has begun to investigate the efficacy of carbohydrate supplementation for improving aspects of physical capacity and skill performance during sport-specific exercise in adolescent team games players. This research remains in its infancy, and further study would be beneficial considering the large youth population actively involved in team games. Literature on the influence of carbohydrate supplementation on skill performance is scarce, limited to shooting accuracy in adolescent basketball players and conflicting in its findings. Between-study differences in the exercise protocol, volume of fluid and carbohydrate consumed, use of prior fatiguing exercise and timing of skill tests may contribute to the different findings. Conversely, initial data supports carbohydrate supplementation in solution and gel form for improving intermittent endurance running capacity following soccer-specific shuttle running. These studies produced reliable data, but were subject to limitations including lack of quantification of the metabolic response of participants, limited generalization of data due to narrow participant age and maturation ranges, use of males and females within the same sample and non-standardized pre-exercise nutritional status between participants. There is a lack of consensus regarding the influence of frequently consuming carbohydrate-containing products on tooth enamel erosion and the development of obesity or being overweight in adolescent athletes and non-athletes. These discrepancies mean that the initiation or exacerbation of health issues due to frequent consumption of carbohydrate-containing products by adolescents cannot be conclusively refuted. Coupled with the knowledge that consuming a natural, high-carbohydrate diet -3-8 hours before exercise can significantly alter substrate use and improve exercise performance in adults, a moral and ethical concern is raised regarding the direction of future research in order to further knowledge while safeguarding the health and well-being of young participants. It could be deemed unethical to continue study into carbohydrate supplementation while ignoring the potential health concerns and the possibility of generating similar performance enhancements using natural dietary interventions. Therefore, future work should investigate the influence of pre-exercise dietary intake on the prolonged intermittent, high-intensity exercise performance of adolescents. This would enable quantification of whether pre-exercise nutrition can modulate exercise performance and, if so, the optimum dietary composition to achieve this. Research could then combine this knowledge with ingestion of carbohydrate-containing products during exercise to facilitate ethical and healthy nutritional guidelines for enhancing the exercise performance of adolescents. This article addresses the available evidence regarding carbohydrate supplementation and prolonged intermittent, high-intensity exercise in adolescent team games players. It discusses the potential health con...

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Dietary Supplementation Practices of Singaporean Athletes

Cited by 81 publications

References 37 publications

Evaluating the Pattern of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use and Its Relation with Mental Health of Male Members of Bodybuilding Clubs of Iran, in 2015

Evaluating the Pattern of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use and Its Relation with Mental Health of Male Members of Bodybuilding Clubs of Iran, in 2015

β–alanine: performance effects, usage and side effects

Carbohydrate Supplementation and Prolonged Intermittent High-Intensity Exercise in Adolescents

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