Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia

Goodfellow, Jonathan; Bellamy, Michael; Ramsey, Mike; Jones, Christopher J.; Lewis, Malcolm J.

doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00548-3

Cited by 308 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This indicates that the effect of TFA on FMD is of minor importance for the above risk associations. We were unable to confirm an effect of fish oil on arterial endothelial function, which has been found previously in a few studies in hypercholesterolaemic and heart transplant patients (Goodfellow et al, 2000). This could be due to the use of healthy volunteers in the present study, and that the earlier studies used patients given fish oil supplementation to the diets, whereas the healthy men in the present study received a saturated fat diet in combination with n-3 PUFA.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

“…Long-chained n-3 PUFA have been shown to have positive effects on blood lipids, haemostasis, leukocyte and vascular function, arterial compliance (AC) and heart rate variability (HRV) (Christensen et al, 1999;Goodfellow et al, 2000;Nestel et al, 2002), the latter being a strong predictor of SCD (Curtis and O'Keefe Jr, 2002). Industrially produced TFA adversely influence blood lipids (Ascherio et al, 1999), as well as endothelial function (de Roos et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study

et al. 2004

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Background: Studies of long-term intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids (TFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suggest opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk. Common mechanisms of action are probable. Objective: To examine the effects on cardiovascular risk markers of dietary enrichment with TFA or n-3 PUFA. Design: Randomized, double-blind, parallel intervention trial. Setting: Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. Subjects: In all, 87 healthy males included, 79 completed. Intervention: Subjects were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of a daily intake of 33 g of experimental fats from either partially hydrogenated soy oil containing 20 g of TFA, 12 g of fish oil with approximately 4 g of n-3 PUFA and 21 g of control fat, or 33 g of control fat. The experimental fats were incorporated into bakery products. Plasma lipids, blood pressure, heart rate variability (HRV), arterial dilatory capacity, compliance, and distensibility were recorded before and after intervention and at follow-up 12 weeks after the intervention. Results: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in the TFA group and triglycerides and mean arterial blood pressure decreased in the n-3 PUFA group compared to the control group. HRV, arterial dilatory capacity, compliance, and distensibility were unchanged. Conclusion:The results indicate that the association between coronary heart disease risk and intake of TFA and n-3 PUFA relates only modestly to changes in traditional risk markers.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study

et al. 2004

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“…On the other hand, fish oil supplements at doses ranging from 3 to 10 g/d consistently ameliorate EDV in clinical studies. 18,25,26 This beneficial effect of marine n-3 fatty acids might be mediated by increased membrane fluidity of endothelial cells promoting enhanced synthesis and/or release of NO. 27 There is also in vitro evidence of reduced endothelial expression of VCAM-1 by marine n-3 fatty acids, 28 but fish oil intake has been associated with increased VCAM-1 levels, perhaps because of an enhanced oxidative stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Walnut Diet Improves Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects

et al. 2004

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Background-Epidemiological studies suggest that nut intake decreases coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Nuts have a cholesterol-lowering effect that partly explains this benefit. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with CAD and its risk factors and is reversed by antioxidants and marine n-3 fatty acids. Walnuts are a rich source of both antioxidants and ␣-linolenic acid, a plant n-3 fatty acid. Methods and Results-To test the hypothesis that walnut intake will reverse endothelial dysfunction, we randomized in a crossover design 21 hypercholesterolemic men and women to a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet and a diet of similar energy and fat content in which walnuts replaced Ϸ32% of the energy from monounsaturated fat. Participants followed each diet for 4 weeks. After each intervention, we obtained fasting blood and performed ultrasound measurements of brachial artery vasomotor function. Eighteen subjects completing the protocol had suitable ultrasound studies. Compared with the Mediterranean diet, the walnut diet improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduced levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (PϽ0.05 for both). Endothelium-independent vasodilation and levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and oxidation biomarkers were similar after each diet. The walnut diet significantly reduced total cholesterol (Ϫ4.4Ϯ7.4%) and LDL cholesterol (Ϫ6.4Ϯ10.0%) (PϽ0.05 for both). Cholesterol reductions correlated with increases of both dietary ␣-linolenic acid and LDL ␥-tocopherol content, and changes of endothelium-dependent vasodilation correlated with those of cholesterolto-HDL ratios (PϽ0.05 for all). Conclusions-Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat in a Mediterranean diet improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. This finding might explain the cardioprotective effect of nut intake beyond cholesterol lowering.

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“…Mild effects on blood pressure [29] are likely to be the result of an improvement in endothelial function [30]. The decrease in serum triglycerides that is produced by intakes of 3-4 g/d of EPA+DHA [31] appears to be secondary to increased hepatic beta-oxidation and decreased lipogenesis [32], which themselves are the result of modulation of the nuclear receptor actions noted above.…”

Section: Omega-3 Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: A case for omega-3 index as a new risk factor

Harris

2007

Pharmacological Research

241

140

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The omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) found in fish and fish oils (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, EPA and DHA) have been reported to have a variety of beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. Ecological and prospective cohort studies as well as randomized, controlled trials have supported the view that the effects of these FAs are clinically-relevant. They operate via several mechanisms, all beginning with the incorporation of EPA and DHA into cell membranes. From here, these omega-3 FA alter membrane physical characteristics and the activity of membrane-bound proteins, and once released by intracellular phospholipases, can interact with ion channels, be converted into a wide variety of bioactive eicosanoids, and serve as ligands for several nuclear transcription factors thereby altering gene expression. In as much as blood levels are a strong reflection of dietary intake, it is proposed that an omega-3 FA biomarker, the omega-3 index (erythrocyte EPA+DHA) be considered at least a marker, if not a risk factor, for coronary heart disease, especially sudden cardiac death. The omega-3 index fulfils many of the requirements for a risk factor including consistent epidemiological evidence, a plausible mechanism of action, a reproducible assay, independence from classical risk factors, modifiability, and most importantly, the demonstration that raising tissue levels will reduce risk for cardiac events. For these and a number of other reasons, the omega-3 index compares very favourably with other risk factors for sudden cardiac death.

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Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia

Abstract: Marine omega-3 fatty acids improve large artery endothelium-dependent dilation in subjects with hypercholesterolemia without affecting endothelium-independent dilation.

Cited by 308 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study

Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study

A Walnut Diet Improves Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects

Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: A case for omega-3 index as a new risk factor

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