Dietary Supplementation with Omega-6 LC-PUFA-Rich Microalgae Regulates Mucosal Immune Response and Promotes Microbial Diversity in the Zebrafish Gut

Nayak, Sagar; Al-Ashhab, Ashraf; Zilberg, Dina; Khozin‐Goldberg, Inna

doi:10.3390/biology9060119

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…Here, we demonstrated that DGLA administration in several forms modulated the immune response in RAW264.7 macrophages. While this work was confined to a cell model, the results further support the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the L. incisa -derived DGLA, previously demonstrated in zebrafish feeding trials [ 23 , 63 ]. Additional studies are required to translate these findings to the use of DGLA as feed and health-promoting food supplements for conditions and pathologies that are caused by imbalance in the immune system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

DGLA from the Microalga Lobosphaera Incsa P127 Modulates Inflammatory Response, Inhibits iNOS Expression and Alleviates NO Secretion in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages

et al. 2020

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Microalgae have been considered as a renewable source of nutritional, cosmetic and pharmaceutical compounds. The ability to produce health-beneficial long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is of high interest. LC-PUFA and their metabolic lipid mediators, modulate key inflammatory pathways in numerous models. In particular, the metabolism of arachidonic acid under inflammatory challenge influences the immune reactivity of macrophages. However, less is known about another omega-6 LC-PUFA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activities, which contrast with its delta-5 desaturase product, arachidonic acid (ARA). In this work, we examined whether administrating DGLA would modulate the inflammatory response in the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line. DGLA was applied for 24 h in the forms of carboxylic (free) acid, ethyl ester, and ethyl esters obtained from the DGLA-accumulating delta-5 desaturase mutant strain P127 of the green microalga Lobosphaera incisa. DGLA induced a dose-dependent increase in the RAW264.7 cells’ basal secretion of the prostaglandin PGE1. Upon bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli, the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), was affected little by DGLA, while interleukin 6 (IL-6), nitric oxide, and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased significantly. DGLA administered at 100 µM in all forms attenuated the LPS-induced expression of the key inflammatory genes in a concerted manner, in particular iNOS, IL-6, and LxR, in the form of free acid. PGE1 was the major prostaglandin detected in DGLA-supplemented culture supernatants, whose production prevailed over ARA-derived PGE2 and PGD2, which were less affected by LPS-stimulation compared with the vehicle control. An overall pattern of change indicated DGLA’s induced alleviation of the inflammatory state. Finally, our results indicate that microalgae-derived, DGLA-enriched ethyl esters (30%) exhibited similar activities to DGLA ethyl esters, strengthening the potential of this microalga as a potent source of this rare anti-inflammatory fatty acid.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

DGLA from the Microalga Lobosphaera Incsa P127 Modulates Inflammatory Response, Inhibits iNOS Expression and Alleviates NO Secretion in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages

et al. 2020

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“…22 In a zebrafish study, it was also found that dietary supplementation of n-6 LC-PUFA-rich microalga resulted in elevated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (il-10). 184 In addition, an in vitro study with head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic cod revealed that a high level of ARA + EPA upregulated the gene expression of il-10 and downregulated that of the proinflammatory cytokine il-1β (Table 4). 185 However, in Japanese flounder, a concurrent increase in ARA level and inflammation symptom was observed after hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection, 186 as similarly observed in some mammal studies.…”

Section: Functions In Disease Resistance Immunity and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…207 However, on the opposite, in zebrafish gut, dietary supplementation of n-6 LC-PUFA-rich microalga led to higher diversity indices for microbial communities. 184 Another study with winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)…”

Section: Effects Of Dietary Ara On Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In European sea bass, ARA deficiency upregulated the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes in the distal intestine, altogether pointing to a long‐term compromised physical barrier integrity and immune functionality of the distal intestine 22 . In a zebrafish study, it was also found that dietary supplementation of n‐6 LC‐PUFA‐rich microalga resulted in elevated expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 ( il‐10 ) 184 . In addition, an in vitro study with head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic cod revealed that a high level of ARA + EPA upregulated the gene expression of il‐10 and downregulated that of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine il‐1β (Table 4).…”

Section: Functions Of Ara In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arachidonic acid matters

Meng

Wei

et al. 2022

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Throughout the evolution of fish nutrition science, the importance of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6) has been somewhat overlooked, likely due to the polarizing research focus on docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n‐3) acids. Nevertheless, especially during the past two decades, increasing attention has been paid to the requirements and functions of ARA in fish nutrition, and a number of relevant studies have now been conducted on a series of fish species, including both marine and freshwater species. Those studies revealed important and diverse functions of ARA in various physiological processes, such as growth, reproduction, stress resistance, pigmentation, immunity, lipid deposition and bone development. The results of the present review, in addition to providing a state‐of‐the‐art summary of current knowledge, also revealed the complexity of ARA functions in terms of dosages, species, development stage, sex and feeding period, as well as in terms of interaction between ARA and other nutritional or non‐nutritional factors.

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“…In the present study, the tendency of more homogeneous data (less values of variance) and medium values of diversity index between the anterior and posterior sections have been observed when the fish are fed with the FH diet. Reference 41 concluded that changes in diversity are due to an adaptation of the microbiota to digest and assimilate the ingredients added, such as cell walls, polysaccharides and lipids, which affect or modify colonization by minority groups. Avoiding loss of diversity is considered as a positive aspect that protects intestinal mucose and gives protection against diseases 42 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota composition and intestinal integrity remain unaltered after the inclusion of hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in Sparus aurata diet

Cerezo

Zeo-Sánchez

García‐Márquez

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The use of lysed microalgae in the diet of carnivorous fish can increase the bioavailability of proteins and bioactive compounds, such as unsaturated fatty acids or vitamins in the digestive tract. These are essential molecules for the proper physiological development of fish in aquaculture. However, some antinutritional components and other undesirable molecules can be released from an excess of microalgae supplied, compromising the integrity of the intestine. The inclusion of small amounts of hydrolized microalgae in the fish diet can be a good strategy to avoid negative effects, improving the availability of beneficial compounds. Nannochloropsis gaditana is an interesting microalgae as it contains nutraceuticals. Previous studies reported beneficial effects after its inclusion in the diet of Sparus aurata, a widely cultured species in Europe and in all Mediterranean countries. However, administration of raw microalgae can produce intestinal inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and disturbance of digestion and absorption processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the intestinal microbiota and barrier stability of S. aurata fed with low inclusion (5%) hydrolysed N. gaditana. Intestinal microbiota was analyzed using Illumina MiSeq technology and libraries were constructed using variable regions V3–V4 of 16S rDNA molecules. Analysis were based in the identification, quantification and comparison of sequences. The predictive intestinal microbial functionality was analyzed with PICRUSt software. The results determined that the intestinal microbiota bacterial composition and the predictive intestinal microbiota functionality did not change statistically after the inclusion of N. gaditana on the diet. The study of gene expression showed that genes involved in intestinal permeability and integrity were not altered in fish treated with the experimental diet. The potential functionality and bacterial taxonomic composition of the intestinal microbiota, and the expression of integrity and permeability genes in the intestine of the carnivorous fish S. aurata were not affected by the inclusion of hydrolysed 5% N. gaditana microalgae.

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Dietary Supplementation with Omega-6 LC-PUFA-Rich Microalgae Regulates Mucosal Immune Response and Promotes Microbial Diversity in the Zebrafish Gut

Cited by 25 publications

References 69 publications

DGLA from the Microalga Lobosphaera Incsa P127 Modulates Inflammatory Response, Inhibits iNOS Expression and Alleviates NO Secretion in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages

DGLA from the Microalga Lobosphaera Incsa P127 Modulates Inflammatory Response, Inhibits iNOS Expression and Alleviates NO Secretion in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages

Arachidonic acid matters

Microbiota composition and intestinal integrity remain unaltered after the inclusion of hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in Sparus aurata diet

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