Dietary thylakoids suppress blood glucose and modulate appetite-regulating hormones in pigs exposed to oral glucose tolerance test

Montelius, Caroline; Szwiec, Katarzyna; Kardas, Marek; Lozinska, Liudmyla; Erlanson–Albertsson, Charlotte; Pierzynowski, Stefan; Rehfeld, Jens F.; Weström, Björn

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.12.009

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Delayed fat digestion increases the production of the satiety hormones cholecystokinin [9],[10] and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [11] as has been demonstrated in human trials. Additionally, in humans [9] and pigs [12] ingestion of the extract has been shown to suppress the hunger hormone ghrelin. Among the gut hormones involved in appetite regulation GLP-1 in particular has been associated with the regulation of reward induced eating behavior [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of a Spinach Extract Rich in Thylakoids on Satiety: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Rebello

Chu

Beyl

et al. 2015

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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Objective By retarding fat digestion, thylakoids, the internal photosynthetic membrane system of green plants, promote the release of satiety hormones. This study examined the effect of consuming a single dose of concentrated extract of thylakoids from spinach on satiety, food intake, lipids, and glucose compared to a placebo Design Sixty overweight and obese individuals enrolled in a double blind randomized cross-over study consumed the spinach extract or placebo in random order at least a week apart. Blood was drawn for assessments of lipids, and glucose before a standard breakfast meal, followed four hours later by a 5 g dose of the extract and a standard lunch. Visual analog scales were administered before lunch and at intervals until an ad libitum pizza dinner served four hours later. Two hours after lunch a second blood draw was conducted. Mixed models were used to analyze response changes. Results Compared to placebo, consuming the spinach extract reduced hunger (p < 0.01) and longing for food over two hours (p < 0.01), and increased post-prandial plasma glucose concentrations (p < 0.01). There were no differences in plasma lipids, and energy intake at dinner; but, males showed a trend towards decreased energy intake (p = 0.08). Conclusions At this dose, the spinach extract containing thylakoids increases satiety over a two hour period compared to a placebo. Thylakoid consumption may influence gender specific food cravings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of a Spinach Extract Rich in Thylakoids on Satiety: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Rebello

Chu

Beyl

et al. 2015

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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“…98 Following a four week high fat diet, thylakoids fed to pigs increased plasma CCK concentrations over a period of 6 hours, whereas ghrelin concentrations were reduced in the two to four hour period compared to a control condition without thylakoid administration. 101 Similarly, in pigs fed a high-fat meal with or without thylakoids, lipase-colipase activity and portal blood CCK concentrations increased; however insulin levels were lower with thylakoid supplementation. 102 In animal studies, in periods ranging from 13 to 100 days, reductions in body weight and body fat have been demonstrated.…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…113 The increase in CCK concentrations has been consistent in the human 16,103 as well as the animal studies that measured the effect of thylakoids on CCK. 95,100,101 Cholecystokinin has been shown to reduce food intake in both human and animal species; but, the inhibitory effect is generally observed relatively shortly after food ingestion and is of a brief duration. 45 Thus, CCK has been shown to be effective in meal termination which reflects satiation rather than satiety.…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut fat signaling and appetite control with special emphasis on the effect of thylakoids from spinach on eating behavior

2015

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The metabolic controls of eating are embedded in a neural system that permits an interaction with the environment. The result is an integrated adaptive response that coordinates the internal milieu with the prevailing environment. Securing adequate amounts of fat and optimizing its storage and use has an evolutionary basis. By generating neuronal and endocrine feedback signals, behavior and metabolism could then adapt to fluctuations in food availability. However, in modern society, foods that appeal to the palate are neither in shortage nor are they difficult to procure. These foods can activate brain reward circuitry beyond their evolved 'survival advantage' limits. Many foods high in fat invoke an undeniably pleasurable sensation and could excessively stimulate the brain's reward pathways leading to overeating. However, the high appeal and potential for being eaten in excess notwithstanding, fat has the added distinction of inducing powerful signals in the gut that are transduced to the brain and result in the regulation of appetite. Fatty acids are sensed by G-protein-coupled receptors on enteroendocrine cells which trigger the release of peptides involved in appetite regulation. Lipid sensing may also occur through the fatty acid translocase, CD-36, on enterocytes. Additionally, fat can activate dopaminergic systems affecting reward, to promote an inhibition over eating. Prolonging the presence of fats in the gastrointestinal lumen permits the activation of signaling mechanisms. Thylakoids, found within the chloroplasts of plants, are flattened disc-like membranous vesicles in which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. By interacting with lipids and delaying fat digestion, thylakoid membranes promote the release of peptides involved in appetite regulation and may influence the reward system. This review explores gut lipid sensing and signaling in the context of appetite regulation. The effects of thylakoid membranes on eating behavior are also reviewed.

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“…We found that these effects are connected to an altered secretion of appetite regulating hormones, including ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), in rodents, pigs and humans (Köhnke, Lindbo et al, 2009;Montelius, Osman et al, 2013;Montelius, Szwiec et al, 2013;Montelius et al, 2014). Based on these findings of suppressed hedonic hunger and increased levels of GLP-1, we were interested to deepen our knowledge of these effects on overweight middle-aged women in a similar group of participants but in a non-laboratory setting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of thylakoid-rich spinach extract reduces hunger, increases satiety and reduces cravings for palatable food in overweight women

et al. 2015

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Green-plant membranes, thylakoids, have previously been found to increase postprandial release of the satiety hormone GLP-1, implicated in reward signaling. The purpose of this study was to investigate how treatment with a single dose of thylakoids before breakfast affects homeostatic as well as hedonic hunger, measured as wanting and liking for palatable food (VAS). We also examined whether treatment effects were correlated to scores for eating behavior. Compared to placebo, intake of thylakoids significantly reduced hunger (21% reduction, p < 0.05), increased satiety (14% increase, p < 0.01), reduced cravings for all snacks and sweets during the day (36% reduction, p < 0.05), as well as cravings for salty (30%, p < 0.01); sweet (38%, p < 0.001); and sweet-and-fat (36%, p < 0.05) snacks, respectively, and decreased subjective liking for sweet (28% reduction, p < 0.01). The treatment effects on wanting all snacks, sweet-and-fat snacks in particular, were positively correlated to higher emotional eating scores (p < 0.01). The treatment effect of thylakoids on scores for wanting and liking were correlated to a reduced intake by treatment (p < 0.01 respectively), even though food intake was not affected significantly. In conclusion, thylakoids may be used as a food supplement to reduce homeostatic and hedonic hunger, associated with overeating and obesity. Individuals scoring higher for emotional eating behavior may have enhanced treatment effect on cravings for palatable food.

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Dietary thylakoids suppress blood glucose and modulate appetite-regulating hormones in pigs exposed to oral glucose tolerance test

Abstract: Dietary thylakoids may be a novel agent in reducing the glycaemic responses to high carbohydrate and high glycaemic index foods. Thylakoids may in the future be promising for treatment and prevention of diabetes, overweight and obesity.

Cited by 28 publications

References 24 publications

Acute Effects of a Spinach Extract Rich in Thylakoids on Satiety: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Acute Effects of a Spinach Extract Rich in Thylakoids on Satiety: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Gut fat signaling and appetite control with special emphasis on the effect of thylakoids from spinach on eating behavior

Consumption of thylakoid-rich spinach extract reduces hunger, increases satiety and reduces cravings for palatable food in overweight women

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