“…Eighteen papers used quantitative methods for investigating effective CE behaviours, with all using surveys asking participants to rate CE behaviours, usually related to perceived importance (Table S1). Five studies derived the content of the survey question from the literature, 15,17,19,22,44 six were based on pre-existing instruments, 14,18,20,23,53,54 two were derived from the literature and student feedback, 50,51 one from student feedback, 16 from previous surveys 49 and three were derived from both the literature and pre-existing instruments. 35,36,53 Descriptions of effective CE skills and attributes were identified by students' and educators' perceptions.…”