Diets high in fruits and low in gum exudates promote the occurrence and development of dental disease in pygmy slow loris (<i>Nycticebus pygmaeus</i>)

Cabana, Francis; Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola

doi:10.1002/zoo.21245

Cited by 65 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(63 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Indeed, 71% of the species listed in Tables 1-3 are found in captive settings, either as part of a managed breeding program in accredited zoological institutions worldwide or in rescue centres being rehabilitated and reintroduced. Wild diets are often the first step when formulating a diet, as well as using domestic or laboratory animal models to determine specific nutrient requirements (Cabana & Nekaris 2015). Many accrediting zoo bodies now produce their own husbandry/ best practice guidelines for holders, or endorse studies or guides put together by outside organizations.…”

Section: Gum-eating Mammals In Captivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because they include obligate or facultative feeders, husbandry recommendations for the Callitrichidae and Lorisidae should include gum in their diets. Cabana and Nekaris (2015) provided evidence that diets high in fruit and low in gum contribute to dental disease in Nycticebus. The free-ranging diet of Nycticebus javanicus significantly differs between rehabilitated and released individuals versus wild individuals (Rode-Margonno et al 2014).…”

Section: Gum-eating Mammals In Captivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For those species that use gum as an obligate food item year-round (possibly with some seasonal increases), lack of dietary gum may lead to health issues and, in turn, impact the breeding and survivability of captive populations (e.g. Cabana & Nekaris 2015). Conversely, reduced gum intake for opportunistic gummivores should result in minimal impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Exploiting a readily available but hard to digest resource: A review of exudativorous mammals identified thus far and how they cope in captivity

Cabana

Dierenfeld

Wirdateti

et al. 2018

Integrative Zoology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gum is a widely available carbohydrate, composed mainly of non-digestible structural carbohydrates. No mammalian enzymes can digest gum; therefore, a mammal ingesting gum must rely on microbial fermentation to access the energy it possesses. Gums are relatively nutrient poor. Despite this, some mammals have evolved to exploit this food resource. We aim to review the literature for all mammal species which have been recorded to ingest gum, whether quantified or not, and discuss this in the context of their evolutionary adaptations. We also investigated the recommended captive diets for these species to look at whether gum is recommended. We conducted a literature search on ISI Web of Knowledge to tabulate all mammal species observed ingesting gum and classified them as obligate, facultative or opportunistic feeders. We encountered 94 mammal species that eat gum in the wild (27 obligate feeders, 34 facultative feeders and 33 opportunistic feeders). Obligate feeders have entirely evolved to exploit this resource but were found to not be given gum in captivity, which may explain why they are failing to thrive, as opposed to facultative feeders, which have fewer issues. Gum may be necessary for the health of obligate feeders in captivity. Future research should focus on the physiological effects that gum ingestion poses on different digestive systems.

show abstract

Section: Gum-eating Mammals In Captivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gum-eating Mammals In Captivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Exploiting a readily available but hard to digest resource: A review of exudativorous mammals identified thus far and how they cope in captivity

Cabana

Dierenfeld

Wirdateti

et al. 2018

Integrative Zoology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In previous studies where gluten free diets were shown to be beneficial for MWS, the fiber content was also increased and this may have contributed to their positive results (Kuehnel et al, 2013). Removing or reducing fruit from diets and replacing them with vegetables will also reduce soluble carbohydrates and increase fiber fractions, perhaps giving the same positive results (Britt et al, 2015;Cabana & Nekaris, 2015).…”

Section: The Fiber Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 96%

Identification of possible nutritional and stress risk factors in the development of marmoset wasting syndrome

Cabana¹,

Maguire²,

Hsu³

et al. 2018

Zoo Biology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Marmoset wasting syndrome (MWS) describes a series of symptoms in callitrichids that lead to general weakness and a failure to thrive in captive conditions such as zoological institutions. Though the cause of MWS has not been identified, the majority of hypotheses are linked to deficiencies of specific nutrients and increased stress levels. Questionnaires were sent to zoos requesting information on diets and housing of currently living and dead callitrichids before their deaths, as well as their postmortem reports. Risk factors for development and occurrence of MWS include close proximity of predator enclosures and high levels of dietary magnesium and zinc. Variables with effects which may protect against the development of MWS included provision of a nest box, natural trees within enclosure, reduced visibility to visitors, as well as dietary factors such as higher concentrations of potassium and fiber fractions. The protective effects of limited concentrate feeds and increased total dietary fiber may help reduce the risks of developing MWS. The minerals may not have biological implications in MWS per se, however, they may be reflective of diets too high in concentrates and too low in plant matter. Habitat designs that are less naturalistic and those which provide insufficient privacy or hide areas may increase chronic stress for callitrichid species, possibly because of visitor-related stress. Other causes of chronic stress in captive zoo populations should be the topic of further research to reduce occurrence of MWS.

show abstract

“…Stepsirhines are particularly affected, especially Nycticebus spp. due to their specific exudativorous feeding ecology and abundance of health issues observed in captivity (Cabana & Nekaris, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trialling nutrient recommendations for slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) based on wild feeding ecology

Cabana

Dierenfeld²,

Wirdateti

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Slow loris (Nycticebus spp.) captive diets have been based on routine and anecdotes rather than scientific fact. The growing body of evidence contradicts the high fruit diet supported by such anecdotes. Non-human primate nutrient requirements are grouped into new (based on the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus) or old world (based on rhesus macaques Macaca mulatta) primates. Slow lorises are known to suffer from many health ailments in captivity such as dental disease, obesity, wasting and kidney issues all of which have been linked to diet. This study aimed to estimate nutrient intake from free-ranging slow lorises and to determine whether this intake can be used as nutrient recommendations. We collected data of nutrient intake, food passage rate and digestibility of captive slow lorises on three diet treatments 1: current captive type diet which is mostly fruits, 2: wild-type diet made only of food items from their natural diet, 3: new diet made to reflect wild slow loris nutrient intake. In order to validate our nutrient recommendations, diets 2 and 3 would have to be significantly different to Diet 1 in terms of nutrients, but not different from each other. Captive diets were significantly higher in soluble carbohydrates and lower in minerals and fibre fractions than both diets 2 and 3. Diets 2 and 3 led to a significantly increased food passage time and to more effective fibre and calcium digestion compared to Diet 1. We also observed obese individuals lost weight and underweight individuals gained weight. Our nutrient recommendations have been validated by our trials, and new or old world monkey nutrient recommendations are not consistent with our results. Diets should be high in protein and fibre and low in soluble carbohydrates and fats.

show abstract

Diets high in fruits and low in gum exudates promote the occurrence and development of dental disease in pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

Cited by 65 publications

References 36 publications

Exploiting a readily available but hard to digest resource: A review of exudativorous mammals identified thus far and how they cope in captivity

Exploiting a readily available but hard to digest resource: A review of exudativorous mammals identified thus far and how they cope in captivity

Identification of possible nutritional and stress risk factors in the development of marmoset wasting syndrome

Trialling nutrient recommendations for slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) based on wild feeding ecology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About