DIFERENTIAL DNA SYNTHESIS IN <i><scp>A</scp>nopheles albimanus</i> TISSUES INDUCED BY IMMUNE CHALLENGE WITH DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS

Hernández‐Martínez, Salvador; Barradas-Bautista, Didier; Rodrı́guez, Mario H.

doi:10.1002/arch.21108

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…gambiae (King and Hillyer, 2013), invertebrates lack the immune cell clonal expansion existing in vertebrates. We previously reported that de novo DNA synthesis occurs in mosquitoes (Hernandez-Martinez et al, 2013;Hernandez-Martinez et al, 2006), evidenced by the incorporation of BrdU and activation of PCNA in the tissues of these insects after an immune challenge. Such synthesis is most probably by endoreplication, as no mitotic cells have been observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To detect BrdU in midguts that were undergoing DNA synthesis, primed and unprimed samples were obtained as described in section 2.8.1 and processed as previously described (Hernandez-Martinez et al, 2013). DNA from midguts was obtained by phenolic extraction and incubated with 0.2 mg/ml of RNAse A (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) for 1 h at 37 °C (Sambrook and Russell, 2001).…”

Section: Relative Quantification By Elisa Of Brdu In Mosquito Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmodium berghei induced priming in Anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection

Contreras‐Garduño

Rodríguez

Hernández‐Martínez

et al. 2015

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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Priming in invertebrates is the acquired capacity to better combat a pathogen due to a previous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the same organism. It is proposed to be functionally analogous to immune memory in vertebrates. Previous studies with Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes provide evidence that the inhibitory response to a second challenge by the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei resulted from a sustained activation of hemocytes by midgut bacteria. These bacteria probably accessed the hemolymph during a first aborted infection through lesions produced by parasites invading the midgut. Since the mosquito immune responses to midgut bacteria and Plasmodium overlap, it is difficult to determine the priming responses of each. We herein document priming induced in the aseptic An. albimanus midgut by P. berghei, probably independent of the immune response induced by midgut bacteria. This idea is further evidenced by experiments with Pbs 25-28 knock out parasites (having an impaired capacity for invading the mosquito midgut) and dead ookinetes. Priming protection against a homologous challenge with P. berghei lasted up to 12 days. There was greater incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into midgut cell nuclei (indicative of DNA synthesis without mitosis) and increased transcription of hnt (a gene required for the endocycle of midgut cells) in primed versus unprimed mosquitoes, suggesting that endoreplication was the underlying mechanism of priming. Moreover, the transcription of hnt and antimicrobial peptides related to an anti-Plasmodium response (attacin, cecropin and gambicin) was enhanced in a biphasic rather than sustained response after priming An. albimanus with P. berghei.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relative Quantification By Elisa Of Brdu In Mosquito Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium berghei induced priming in Anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection

Contreras‐Garduño

Rodríguez

Hernández‐Martínez

et al. 2015

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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“…This medium was used as a vehicle because mosquito mortality attributable to injection is reduced with this cell culture medium when compared to Schneider and Grace’s insect medium ( Log-rank x 2 = 131.006, P < 0.001), while no significant difference between PBS, Saline solution (0.9% NaCl) and MEM medium ( Log-rank x 2 = 1.075–9.18, P > 0.05) (Supplementary Figure S1 ) was observed. RPMI has been used in other studies (see Herrera-Ortíz et al, 2004 ; Hernández-Martínez et al, 2013a , b ; Moreno-García et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited Specificity in the Injury and Infection Priming against Bacteria in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

et al. 2016

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Injury and infection priming has been observed in several insect groups, reported as host immune protection against contact with a pathogen caused by a previous infection with the same. However, the specific response against a pathogen has not been demonstrated in all insect species. Investigating the specific priming response in insects is important because their immune strategies probably reflect particular selective pressures exerted by different pathogens. Here, we determined whether previous infection of Aedes aegypti would enhance survival and/or lead to greater and specific AMP expression after a second exposure to the same or a distinct bacterium. Mosquitoes previously immunized with a low dose of Escherichia coli, but not Staphylococcus aureus, showed increased survival. Although the host protection herein demonstrated was not specific, each bacterium elicited differential AMP expression. These results can be explained by the susceptible-primed-infected (SPI) epidemiological model, which poses that in the evolution of memory-like responses (priming), a pivotal role is played by pathogen virulence, associated host damage, and the host capacity of pathogen recognition.

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“…In Anopheles albimanus , pathogen challenges with Plasmodium parasite, yeast wall and dead gram-negative bacteria activate the immune system, triggering DNA endoreplication mechanism (Hernandez-Martinez et al, 2006 ; Hernández-Martínez et al, 2013 ; Contreras-Garduño et al, 2015 ). Insofar, the molecules involved in this process have not been thoroughly unveiled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De Novo DNA Synthesis in Aedes aegypti Midgut Cells as a Complementary Strategy to Limit Dengue Viral Replication

et al. 2018

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Aedes aegypti is the main vector of Dengue Virus, carrying the virus during the whole mosquito life post-infection. Few mosquito fitness costs have been associated to the virus infection, thereby allowing for a swift dissemination. In order to diminish the mosquito population, public health agency use persistent chemicals with environmental impact for disease control. Most countries barely use biological controls, if at all. With the purpose of developing novel Dengue control strategies, a detailed understanding of the unexplored virus-vector interactions is urgently needed. Damage induced (through tissue injury or bacterial invasion) DNA duplication (endoreplication) has been described in insects during epithelial cells renewal. Here, we delved into the mosquito midgut tissue ability to synthesize DNA de novo; postulating that Dengue virus infection could trigger a protective endoreplication mechanism in some mosquito cells. We hypothesized that the Aedes aegypti orthologue of the Drosophila melanogaster hindsight gene (not previously annotated in Aedes aegypti transcriptome/genome) is part of the Delta-Notch pathway. The activation of this transcriptional cascade leads to genomic DNA endoreplication. The amplification of the genomic copies of specific genes ultimately limits the viral spreading during infection. Conversely, inhibiting DNA synthesis capacity, hence endoreplication, leads to a higher viral replication.

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DIFERENTIAL DNA SYNTHESIS IN Anopheles albimanus TISSUES INDUCED BY IMMUNE CHALLENGE WITH DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

Plasmodium berghei induced priming in Anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection

Plasmodium berghei induced priming in Anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection

Limited Specificity in the Injury and Infection Priming against Bacteria in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

De Novo DNA Synthesis in Aedes aegypti Midgut Cells as a Complementary Strategy to Limit Dengue Viral Replication

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