Difference between the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-diabetic smokers and in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without nicotine dependence

Abstract

BackgroundIndividuals with diabetes who are smokers have higher risks of cardiovascular disease, premature death, and microvascular complications. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and to evaluate if the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety differ between the three groups studied (patients with T2D who smoke; patients with T2D who do not smoke; smokers without T2D), and finally determine if the degree of nicotine dependence is related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in smokers (with or without T2D).MethodsThree study groups were formed: 46 T2D smokers (DS), 46 T2D non-smokers (D), and 46 smokers without diabetes (S), totaling 138 participants. Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale and Fagerström Test were applied.ResultsThe prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in smokers with T2D was 30.4% and 50%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of individuals with symptoms of anxiety (p = 0.072) or depression (p = 0.657) in the DS group compared to group D or S. Among male patients with T2D, the smokers had a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms (19.6%) than non-smokers (4,3%) (p = 0,025). The prevalence of high nicotine dependence among smokers with and without T2D was 39.1% and 37.1%, respectively (p = 0.999). Fagerström scores showed no significant correlation with the scores obtained on the subscale of anxiety (p = 0,735) or depression (p = 0,364).ConclusionsThe prevalence of depression and anxiety among smokers with and without diabetes and non-smokers T2D is similar. Among male individuals with T2D, the smokers have more symptoms of anxiety than the non-smokers. There is no difference in the prevalence of nicotine dependence among smokers with and without diabetes. The presence of symptoms of anxiety or depression is similar between patients who are dependent and not dependent on nicotine.

Determinants of Nicotine Dependence in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

“…In the current study, patients with moderate to high nicotine dependence showed younger age <70. It is consistent with results in previous studies: two studies included COPD patients and the other included diabetic patients 12 13 17 . However, another two studies 18 21 showed higher nicotine dependence in older smokers: one study was population-based and the other study enrolled subjects with depressive or anxiety disorders.…”

“…We investigated factors associated with nicotine dependence in current smokers of Korean COPD cohort. High education status was the most significant factor related to nicotine dependence in current smokers with COPD, which is consistent with a previous study 17 in current smokers with diabetes. They reported that nicotine dependence in smokers who had ≥8 years of formal education was 2.57 times higher than that in those with less education.…”

Ansiedad, Depresión, Calidad De Vida Y Consumo De Tabaco en Personas Con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2

“…Con respecto a esto, los resultados mostraron que las personas con diabetes que consumían tabaco tuvieron puntuaciones estadísticamente significativas más altas en ansiedad y depresión como rasgo y estado, comparadas con quienes no fumaban. Estos resultados coinciden con la literatura, donde se ha mostrado que algunas personas fumadoras con DM presentan mayor sintomatología de ansiedad y depresión con respecto a quienes tienen DM y no fuman (Osme et al, 2012). Es importante resaltar que se observaron niveles medios tanto en depresión como ansiedad, exceptuando a la depresión como rasgo, que tuvo un nivel alto para todos los participantes, y la ansiedad como estado que fue alta sólo para los fumadores.…”

“…Con respecto a esto, diferentes estudios (Fabián & Cobo, 2007;Roy & Lloyd, 2012;Tovilla-Zárate et al, 2012) muestran que hay una asociación importante entre la ansiedad, depresión y la DM, y que tener el diagnóstico de DM representa mayor riesgo de tener síntomas de depresión, lo cual dificulta la adherencia al tratamiento y los cuidados de la enfermedad, lo que incrementa la probabilidad de consumir tabaco para modular la sintomatología de ansiedad y de depresión, y adicionalmente, dichos factores dificultan el cese de consumo de tabaco. Además, un estudio realizado por Osme et al (2012), mostró que en personas fumadoras con DM2, la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad son del 30 % y 50 % respectivamente, y la prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad es mayor en comparación con quienes no fuman, con 19 % y 4.3 % respectivamente.…”

Sleep Quality Among Type 2 Diabetics With Nicotine Dependence

“…The presence of symptoms of anxiety or depression is similar between patients who are dependent and not dependent on nicotine 18 . But Breslau et al demonstrated in young adults positive associations between nicotine dependence and major depression, obsessive compulsive type disorders, phobias, and anxiety disorders, as well as alcohol and illicit drug use.…”