Difference in levels of SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2 subunits- and nucleocapsid protein-reactive SIgM/IgM, IgG and SIgA/IgA antibodies in human milk

Demers‐Mathieu, Véronique; Do, Dung M.; Mathijssen, Gabrielle B.; Sela, David A.; Seppo, Antti; Järvinen, Kirsi M.; Medo, Elena

doi:10.1038/s41372-020-00805-w

Cited by 85 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Although in mammals, the IgG is transferred through the placenta and breast milk, in fish the IgM plays this role in the yolk 21 . Similarly, in humans, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk has been found to provide passive immunity for children, to protect them 22,23 . In this sense, the antibody transfer shown in zebrafish could be helpful in future studies to understand the maternal immunological protection of descendants against SARS-CoV-2 or any other vaccine candidates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zebrafish studies on the vaccine candidate to COVID-19, the Spike protein: Production of antibody and adverse reaction

Fernandes¹,

Feitosa²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Establishing new experimental animal models to assess the safety and immune response to the antigen used in the development of COVID-19 vaccine is an imperative issue. Based on the advantages of using zebrafish as a model in research, herein we suggest doing this to test the safety of the putative vaccine candidates and to study immune response against the virus. We produced a recombinant N-terminal fraction of the Spike SARS-CoV-2 protein and injected it into adult female zebrafish. The specimens generated humoral immunity and passed the antibodies to the eggs. However, they presented adverse reactions and inflammatory responses similar to severe cases of human COVID-19. The analysis of the structure and function of zebrafish and human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the main human receptor for virus infection, presented remarkable sequence similarities. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis predicted protein-protein interaction of the Spike SARS-CoV-2 fragment and the Toll-like receptor pathway. It might help in the choice of future therapeutic pharmaceutical drugs to be studied. Based on the in vivo and in silico results presented here, we propose the zebrafish as a model for translational research into the safety of the vaccine and the immune response of the vertebrate organism to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zebrafish studies on the vaccine candidate to COVID-19, the Spike protein: Production of antibody and adverse reaction

Fernandes¹,

Feitosa²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Antibodies that bind to S1 or S2 subunit could block the attachment or fusion of SARS-CoV-2. Our recent study demonstrated human milk antibodies’ presence reactive to SARS-CoV-2 S1 + S2 subunits in milk from mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 18 ]. However, the levels in antibodies specific to S1 and S2 subunits from SARS-CoV-2 in mothers with confirmed COVID-19 PCR remains to be evaluated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our recent study demonstrated that S1 + S2-reactive SARS-CoV-2 SIgA/IgA and SIgM/IgM were detected in most human milk samples collected during COVID-19, but mothers did not have a confirmed PCR test [ 18 ]. These mothers had viral symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Antibodies against S1 and S2 Subunits from SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E in Mothers with a Confirmed COVID-19 PCR, Viral SYMPTOMS, and Unexposed Mothers

Demers‐Mathieu

DaPra²,

Mathijssen³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Background: Preexisting immunity to SARS-CoV-2 could be related to cross-reactive antibodies to common human-coronaviruses (HCoVs). This study aimed to evaluate whether human milk antibodies against to S1 and S2 subunits SARS-CoV-2 are cross-reactive to S1 and S2 subunits HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E in mothers with a confirmed COVID-19 PCR test, in mothers with previous viral symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic, and in unexposed mothers; Methods: The levels of secretory IgA (SIgA)/IgA, secretory IgM (SIgM)/IgM, and IgG specific to S1 and S2 SARS-CoV-2, and reactive to S1 + S2 HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E were measured in milk from 7 mothers with a confirmed COVID-19 PCR test, 20 mothers with viral symptoms, and unexposed mothers (6 Ctl1-2018 and 16 Ctl2-2018) using ELISA; Results: The S2 SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were higher in the COVID-19 PCR (p = 0.014) and viral symptom (p = 0.040) groups than in the Ctl1-2018 group. We detected a higher number of positive correlations between the antigens and secretory antibodies in the COVID-19 PCR group than in the viral symptom and Ctl-2018 groups. S1 + S2 HCoV-OC43-reactive IgG was higher in the COVID-19 group than in the control group (p = 0.002) but did not differ for the other antibodies; Conclusions: Mothers with a confirmed COVID-19 PCR and mothers with previous viral symptoms had preexisting human milk antibodies against S2 subunit SARS-CoV-2. Human milk IgG were more specific to S2 subunit SARS-CoV-2 than other antibodies, whereas SIgA and SIgM were polyreactive and cross-reactive to S1 or S2 subunit SARS-CoV-2.

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“…These results are reassuring and all postnatal mothers irrespective of their COVID status should be encouraged to exclusively breastfeed their babies and follow general safety precautions. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2reactive antibodies in breast milk may also provide passive immunity to breastfed infants and protect them against COVID-19 [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is SARS-CoV-2 Transmitted Through Breastfeeding?

et al. 2021

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There are concerns regarding the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from mother to child during this COVID pandemic. This descriptive study was done to check the possible transmission of the virus through breastfeeding in the Indian context. RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 was done in breast milk samples from 30 COVID-positive mothers. Paired oropharyngeal swabs of the same neonates were also sent for RT-PCR at 48 h and on day 5 of life. All the breast milk samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 except one. A repeat sample of breast milk from the same mother was also negative when rechecked the next day. All the paired neonatal oropharyngeal swabs were also negative for SARS-CoV-2. The authors could not find evidence for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to child through breastmilk in the population studied.

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Difference in levels of SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2 subunits- and nucleocapsid protein-reactive SIgM/IgM, IgG and SIgA/IgA antibodies in human milk

Cited by 85 publications

References 35 publications

Zebrafish studies on the vaccine candidate to COVID-19, the Spike protein: Production of antibody and adverse reaction

Zebrafish studies on the vaccine candidate to COVID-19, the Spike protein: Production of antibody and adverse reaction

Human Milk Antibodies against S1 and S2 Subunits from SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E in Mothers with a Confirmed COVID-19 PCR, Viral SYMPTOMS, and Unexposed Mothers

Is SARS-CoV-2 Transmitted Through Breastfeeding?

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