SUMMARYBackground: There is controversy as to whether Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs interact to cause peptic ulcers. Aim: To study whether the eradication of H. pylori in patients on long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy prevents the development of ulcers. Methods: Patients infected with H. pylori whilst receiving long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy, but with no ulcers at baseline endoscopy, were randomized to receive either triple antibiotic therapy (metronidazole 300 mg, clarithromycin 250 mg and amoxicillin 500 mg, given four times daily; n ¼ 70) or placebo (n ¼ 70) for 2 weeks. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs were continued throughout the study period. Endoscopy was repeated 12 weeks after