“…Evidence from North & South American jurisdictions indicates strongly elevated mortality rates among crack users (Dias, Ribeiro, Dunn, Sesso, & Laranjeira, 2008;O'Driscoll et al, 2001); a systematic review found that crack/cocaine users experience 4-8 times elevated mortality rates compared to the general population (Degenhardt et al, 2011). In addition, crack use and crack distribution/markets are associated with a high occurrence of crime, including elevated rates of property crime, as well as inter-personal crime and/or systemic violence (Baumer, Lauritsen, Rosenfeld, & Wright, 1998;Bennett, Holloway, & Farrington, 2008;Best, Sidwell, Gossop, Harris, & Strang, 2001;Boles & Miotto, 2003;Fischer, Monga, & Manzoni, 2005;Grogger & Willis, 2000).…”