Differences Between Omnivores and Vegetarians in Personality Profiles, Values, and Empathy: A Systematic Review

Holler, Sophie; Cramer, Holger; Liebscher, Daniela; Jeitler, Michael; Schumann, Dania; Murthy, Vijayendra; Michalsen, Andreas; Kessler, Christian S.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.579700

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(234 reference statements)

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“…The present study follows a recent systematic review by Holler et al (21) on differences between omnivores and vegetarians in which it was concluded that further studies about vegetarianism are needed-also in relation to adherents of meat-reduced diets. The current work also follows one of the suggestions for future research we have made in previous studies (10,14), namely, to explore further how and to what extent meat abstainers differ from meat lovers and flexitarians.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…But particularly in recent years scholarly interest in comparing vegetarians, vegans, flexitarians, and omnivores has gained traction and turned into a blossoming field of study (21,(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38). The goal of the current study is to add to this field of research by deepening our understanding in what characteristics particularly differentiate these dietary groups.…”

Section: Frontiers Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing meat abstainers with avid meat eaters and committed meat reducers

Verain

Dagevos

2022

Front. Nutr.

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Shifting our eating patterns toward less animal-based and more plant-based diets is urgently needed to counter climate change, address public health issues, and protect animal welfare. Although most consumers agree that these are important topics, many consumers are not particularly willing to decrease the meat intensity of their diets. In supporting consumers to shift their diets, it is important to understand consumers’ attitudes, motivations, and preferences related to meat consumption and to take differences across consumers on these aspects into account. This study aims to in-depth research meat abstainers (vegetarians and vegans), and to explore how and to what extent they differ from avid meat eaters and committed meat reducers in terms of their (1) socio-demographic characteristics, (2) attitudes and norms, (3) food choice motives, and (4) food preferences and behavior. A survey has been conducted among a representative sample of Dutch adults. Comparisons show that meat abstainers (N = 198) differ from committed meat reducers (N = 171) and avid meat eaters (N = 344) on the four included categories of variables. In terms of demographics, we largely confirm the stereotype of vegans and vegetarians being highly educated females. In attitudes and norms, large differences exist with meat abstainers being least pro-meat and avid meat eaters being most pro-meat. Food choice motives confirm this, with meat abstainers valuing animal welfare and a good feeling higher than committed meat reducers and avid meat eaters. Finally, differences across the groups are most pronounced in terms of their food preferences and consumption, with a much higher appreciation of plant-based protein sources among meat abstainers, a high appreciation of non-meat animal-based proteins across committed meat reducers and a high appreciation of meat products among avid meat eaters. This shows that although differences across the groups are gradual and expected, in terms of reduction motivations and preferences of protein sources the three groups (frequent meat consumption-meat reduction-meat avoidance) are very distinct, which makes it unlikely to expect big shifts from one group to another in the short term.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Frontiers Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing meat abstainers with avid meat eaters and committed meat reducers

Verain

Dagevos

2022

Front. Nutr.

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“…Also, in one study from Poland 35 , higher levels of conscientiousness fostered positive changes in health behaviors of patients with metabolic syndrome, and these changes were in terms of correct dietary habits, physical activity, good sleep patterns, and avoiding stressful events or situations evoking strong emotions. Finally, a systematic review reported that vegetarians were more open to new experiences than their omnivore peers 36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality profiles and engagement with the augmented reality game Pokémon GO: a cross-sectional study

Moscoso-Porras¹,

Villarreal-Zegarra²,

Castillo-Fernández³

et al. 2022

Wellcome Open Res

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Background: Since its release in 2016, Pokémon GO™ has achieved not only extensive popularity but has also accrued evidence that it helps to increase physical activity and sense of belonging. Personality traits may explain a differential engagement and fidelity with the game, hence potentially allowing for prediction of different patterns of game engagement as well as its health benefits. Our objective was to compare personality traits between Pokémon GO game players and non-players. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in participants aged 18+ years through an online survey. The following categories of game engagement were defined: active players, occasional players, former players, and never players. Personality was measured with the NEO-FFI inventory that evaluates personality across five domains: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. ANOVA and MANOVA models were performed to test differences in personality traits’ scores. Multivariate regression models were also used to describe specific differences across groups of game engagement. Results: Data from 654 participants, average 28.6 years of age, 75% male, were included in the study. In the ANOVA analysis, we observed differences between the three players' subgroups in openness (p=0.015) and conscientiousness (p=0.032). In MANOVA and multivariate regression analyses, we found that active players presented higher scores in openness and agreeableness, but lower scores in conscientiousness compared to former or non-players. Conclusions: We found evidence that people that actively play Pokémon GO are more likely to be friendlier and more open to new experiences, but also scored less on conscientiousness which is related to discipline. This gives us better insight on how personality may help identification of people and their involvement with activities that demand fulfillment of tasks. These findings could help inform the engagement with health-related behaviors, including physical activity and medication adherence.

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“…Avoidance of certain foodstuffs may also stimulate creativity because many dishes will now have to be prepared differently, e.g., without sugar, fat or gluten, which requires rethinking and reorganising. But rigid adherence to these virtues has a negative side as well: individuals with (tendencies to) eating disorders or obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs) may be primarily attracted by forms of diet change that require a high degree of discipline and renunciation ( 131 , 132 ). Eating disorders or OCDs may be triggered or reinforced in this manner and lead to an NE.…”

Section: Hypotheses On Psychosocial Context Effects In Diet Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why context matters when changing the diet: A narrative review of placebo, nocebo, and psychosocial context effects and implications for outcome research and nutrition counselling

Neumann

Wirtz²,

Lutz³

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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Placebo (PE) and nocebo effects (NE) have been subjects of systematic research in medicine and psychotherapy for many decades to distinguish between the (specific) pharmacological effect of medication and the (unspecific) effect of the context. Despite this significant research, the awareness, operationalisation, and reflection of the multiplicity of PE, NE, and psychosocial context effects (PSCE) is currently limited when researching outcomes of diet changes in studies without randomisation and placebo control. This neglection is critical as it could systematically influence outcomes by moderating and mediating them and thus reducing the validity and evidence base of these studies. Therefore, we performed a (non-systematic) narrative review (NR) on the following objectives: (1) present a concise overview about the relevance of PE, NE, and PSCE in medicine and nutrition research; (2) review the current state of research on reflecting context effects when studying diet changes; (3) provide useful theoretical foundations via consideration and integration of micro- and macro context effects; (4) operationalise as hypotheses the potential PE, NE, and PSCE which are specific for researching diet changes; and (5) derive their impact for future research as well as for nutrition counselling. The electronic search in this NR for objective (2) identified N = 5 publications and for objective (4) we found N = 61 articles retrieved in the first round of search, additional references were identified by a manual and snowball search among the cited references resulting finally in N = 37. This NR offers a synoptical basis to foster awareness and operationalisation of a variety of PE, NE, and PSCE. Interdisciplinary research teams should monitor these factors using, e.g., qualitative, mixed-method studies, process evaluation, item bank approaches, moderator and mediator analysis that might reveal substantially new insights, and outcomes of relevance to science and nutrition counselling. Nevertheless, the present NR has several limitations, especially as it is non-systematic, because it is a very heterogeneous field of research, in which the topic we are investigating is usually regarded as marginal and subordinate. Therefore, future research should conduct systematic reviews and particularly theory-based primary studies (experimental research) on hypotheses of PE, NE, and PSCE in outcome research in diet changes.

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Differences Between Omnivores and Vegetarians in Personality Profiles, Values, and Empathy: A Systematic Review

Cited by 32 publications

References 99 publications

Comparing meat abstainers with avid meat eaters and committed meat reducers

Comparing meat abstainers with avid meat eaters and committed meat reducers

Personality profiles and engagement with the augmented reality game Pokémon GO: a cross-sectional study

Why context matters when changing the diet: A narrative review of placebo, nocebo, and psychosocial context effects and implications for outcome research and nutrition counselling

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