Differences detected in vivo between samples of aflatoxincontaminated peanut meal, following decontamination by two ammonia-based processes

Neal, G.E.; Judah, David J.; Carthew, P.; Verma, Ankur; Latour, Isabelle; Weir, Lucinda; Coker, R. D.; Nagler, M. J.; Hoogenboom, L.A.P.

doi:10.1080/02652030010011379

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although this recovery appears to be low in terms of the total original a¯atoxin content of the meal, it was shown that the major part of the remaining degradation products (91% ) could not be extracted and seems to be poorly bioavailable in lactating cows and rats , Neal et al 2001. Another 1% of the radioactivity was recovered in the AFB 1 -rich fraction as the parent compound, leaving another 5% which was lost during the clean-up procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The extracts are suitable for toxicological testing with short-term genotoxicity tests. The products derived from the various chemical decontamination processes showed a strong reduction of AFB 1 -levels and the associated mutagenic and hepatotoxic eOE ects (Neal et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of a peanut meal spiked with radiolabelled a¯atoxin allowed the tracing of degradation products during the extraction. Studies on the nature of the degradation products and their fate in lactating cows, as well as the results of a 90-day feeding study in rats are described elsewhere , Neal et al 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotoxicity testing of extracts from aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal, following chemical decontamination

Hoogenboom

Polman

Neal

et al. 2001

Food Add. Contaminants

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One of the most important concerns in the decontamination of aflatoxin-containing feed commodities is the safety of the products for food-producing animals and for human consumption of products derived from these animals. A new method, based on the use of florisil and C18 solid phase extraction columns, was developed for the preparation of extracts from decontaminated peanut meal, which allowed testing with in vitro genotoxicity assays without interference of the residual aflatoxin B1. Recovery of degradation products in the extracts was evaluated by the use of radiolabelled [14C]-aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) added to naturally-contaminated peanut meal (3.5 mg AFB1/kg). The meal was treated by a small-scale version of an industrial decontamination process based on ammoniation. Following decontamination, more than 90% of the label could not be extracted from the meal. AFB1 accounted for about 10% of the radiolabel present in the extractable fraction, indicating a total AFB1 reduction of more than 99%. Decontamination of the meal by a number of other small- and industrial-scale ammonia-based processes resulted in similar efficiencies. Application of the extraction procedure resulted in AFB1-rich and AFB1-poor fractions, the latter containing half of the extractable decontamination products but less than 1% of the residual AFB1. Testing in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay (TA 100, with S9-mix) of the original crude extracts and AFB1-rich fractions prepared from non-treated and decontaminated meal, showed the positive results expected from the AFB1 contents as determined by HPLC analysis. Analysis and testing of the AFB1-poor fractions showed that the various decontamination processes not only resulted in a successful degradation of AFB1 but also did not produce other potent mutagenic compounds. Slight positive results obtained with these extracts were similar for the untreated and treated meals and may be due to unknown compounds originally present in the meal. Results obtained with an unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and Comet assay with rat hepatocytes supported this conclusion. Positive results obtained with the micronucleus assay, using immortalized mouse hepatocytes (GKB), did not clearly reflect the mycotoxin levels and require further examination. It is concluded that the newly developed extraction procedure yields highly reproducible fractions and hence is very suitable for examining the possible formation of less potent degradation products of aflatoxins in short-term genotoxicity tests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotoxicity testing of extracts from aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal, following chemical decontamination

Hoogenboom

Polman

Neal

et al. 2001

Food Add. Contaminants

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“…Heat has also been used; however, the aflatoxin compound is heat stable and the results of heating alone are not significant. Alkaline compounds such as ammonia calcium and sodium hydroxide were used (Mukendi et al 1991, Park 1988, Neal et al 2001, Park 2001), but they cause nutrient losses in the product. Oxidizers such as ozone (McKenzie et al 1997(McKenzie et al , 1998 and chlorine (Sen et al 1988) were the most significant treatments in corn and peanut.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of aflatoxins in peanut kernels/flour by gaseous ozonation and mild heat treatment

Proctor¹,

Ahmedna²,

Kumar³

et al. 2004

Food Additives and Contaminants

124

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Aflatoxins occur naturally in many agricultural crops causing health hazards and economic losses. Despite improved handling, processing and storage, they remain a problem in the peanut industry. Therefore, new ways to detoxify contaminated products are needed to limit economic/health impacts and add value to the peanut industry. The study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of ozonation and mild heat in breaking down aflatoxins in peanut kernels and flour, and (2) to quantify aflatoxin destruction compared with untreated samples. Peanut samples were inoculated with known concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. Samples were subjected to gaseous ozonation and under various temperatures (25, 50, 75 degrees C) and exposure times (5, 10, 15 min). Ozonated and non-ozonated samples were extracted in acetonitrile/water, derivatized in a Kobra cell and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ozonation efficiency increased with higher temperatures and longer treatment times. Regardless of treatment combinations, aflatoxins B1 and G1 exhibited the highest degradation levels. Higher levels of toxin degradation were achieved in peanut kernels than in flour. The temperature effect lessened as the exposure time increased, suggesting that ozonation at room temperature for 10-15 min could yield degradation levels similar to those achieved at higher temperatures while being more economical.

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“…Physical removal is also achieved by electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays [6,7], solar radiation, and microwave heating [8]. Chemical methods include addition of aflatoxin degrading chemicals to the product including ammonia [9], ozone [10], chlorine gas [11] and citric acid [12]. Although physical and chemical methods are economical solutions for animal feed detoxification, the high risk of toxic residue in the final product and loss of organoleptic sensory properties limit their use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detoxification of Groundnut Cake Naturally Contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 Using Rhodococcus erythropolis in Shake Flask Bioreactors

Dogan

Onal‐Ulusoy

Bozoğlu

et al. 2016

Waste Biomass Valor

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Degradation of aflatoxin B 1 in groundnut cake, a residue after oil extraction, by Rhodococcus erythropolis was optimized using response surface methodology. The bacterium was first grown in synthetic medium to determine optimal growth conditions using the combination of the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken methods and consequently aflatoxin B 1 in groundnut cake slurry was degraded under varying culture conditions. Optimal growth conditions were found as 22.5°C of temperature, pH 7, 100 mL of culture volume in 500 mL flasks, 1 % (v/v) of inoculum size, 135 rpm of agitation speed, 5 g/L of glucose and 5 g/L of peptone concentration according to analysis of the Box-Behnken design. Optimal detoxification conditions were found as 27.4 % (w/v) of solid concentration, 4.88 % (v/v) of inoculum size and 24 h of incubation time by Box-Behnken response surface optimization. Maximum detoxification level was predicted as 92.2 % by the constructed model while the experimental counterpart was 87.3 %. The suggested culture conditions have the potential to decrease aflatoxin B 1 from 200 lg/kg to below 20 lg/kg, the regulatory limit, in feed materials. Graphical Abstract AFB1 contaminated Groundnut meal Liquid Supplement 48 hour grown R. erythropolis culture IncubaƟon Drying 87% Detoxified groundnut meal ExtracƟon & Clean-up HPLC

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Differences detected in vivo between samples of aflatoxincontaminated peanut meal, following decontamination by two ammonia-based processes

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Genotoxicity testing of extracts from aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal, following chemical decontamination

Genotoxicity testing of extracts from aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal, following chemical decontamination

Degradation of aflatoxins in peanut kernels/flour by gaseous ozonation and mild heat treatment

Detoxification of Groundnut Cake Naturally Contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 Using Rhodococcus erythropolis in Shake Flask Bioreactors

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