Differences in “bottom-up” and “top-down” neural activity in current and former cigarette smokers: Evidence for neural substrates which may promote nicotine abstinence through increased cognitive control

Nestor, Liam; McCabe, Ella; Jones, Jennifer; Clancy, Luke; Garavan, Hugh

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.054

Cited by 163 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 172 publications

(211 reference statements)

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“…One of the key regions involved in inhibitory control, the dACC, was less active in individuals with nicotine dependence than controls during performance of the stopsignal task, while SSRTs did not differ. 62 Using a go/no-go task, Nestor and colleagues 63 found behavioural deficits for inhibitory control in nonabstinent individuals with nicotine dependence compared with both healthy controls and exsmokers who were smoke-free for at least 1 year. In addition, the finding of lower brain activation associated with inhibitory control in those with nicotine dependence compared with controls in the ACC was confirmed in this study and extended to the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), bilateral IPL and middle temporal gyrus (MTG).…”

Section: Inhibitory Control In Individuals With Nicotine Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…62 Using a go/no-go task, Nestor and colleagues 63 found that nonabstaining individuals with nicotine dependence, as compared with controls, made more errors accompanied by reduced brain activation after performance errors in the right SFG and left STG, whereas no difference was found in either the ACC or insula. This study also included a group of ex-smokers who were abstinent for at least 1 year and showed enhanced error-related activity in the ACC, left insula, bilateral SFG, right MFG, left cerebellum, left MTG, bilateral STG and bilateral parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) relative to individuals with nicotine dependence and controls.…”

Section: Error Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people

Luijten

Machielsen

Veltman

et al. 2014

J Psychiatry Neurosci

320

300

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Section: Inhibitory Control In Individuals With Nicotine Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Error Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people

Luijten

Machielsen

Veltman

et al. 2014

J Psychiatry Neurosci

320

300

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…A previous study comparing 13 current cigarette smokers, 10 ex-smokers and 13 controls (Nestor et al, 2011) did examine neural responses to drug cues (i.e. cigarette images).…”

Section: New Author Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…drug rewards), we believe, would not have been appropriate or ethical in the abstinent (ex-smoker) group. Therefore, we have inserted the following text in the discussion to address the reviewer's comment: "Interestingly, this same sample of ex-smokers demonstrated reduced activation changes in the ventral striatum compared to smokers while viewing smoking stimuli (Nestor et al, 2011), suggesting a neural shift in the attribution of salience between drug and non-drug predictive cues in the striatum during abstinence. "…”

Section: New Author Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Smokers and ex‐smokers have shared differences in the neural substrates for potential monetary gains and losses

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Despite an increased understanding of nicotine addiction, there is a scarcity of research comparing the neural correlates of non-drug reward between smokers and ex-smokers. Long-term changes in reward-related brain functioning for non-drug incentives may elucidate patterns of functioning that potentially contribute to ongoing smoking behaviour in current smokers. Similarly, examining the effects of previous chronic nicotine exposure during a period of extended abstinence may reveal whether there are neural correlates responsible for non-drug reward processing that are different from current smokers. The current study, therefore, set out to examine the neural correlates of reward and loss anticipation, and their respective outcomes, in smokers, ex-smokers and matched controls using a monetary incentive delay task during functional MRI. Here we report that in the absence of any significant behavioural group differences, both smokers and ex-smokers showed a significantly greater activation change in the lateral orbitofrontal/anterior insular cortex compared to smokers when anticipating both potential monetary gains and losses. We further report that ex-smokers showed a significantly greater activation change in the ventral putamen compared to both controls and smokers, and in the caudate compared to controls during the anticipation of potential monetary losses only. The results suggest that smoking may sensitize striato-orbitofrontal circuitry subserving motivational processes for loss avoidance and reward gain in nicotine addiction. Comments to the Author This is a revision of an article detailing brain response differences between smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers using the monetary incentive delay task. The authors did a great job addressing previous concerns and clarifying the analysis methods.A major limitation of the study is the sample size which could only be addressed by recruiting more subjects, despite this limitation the study is the first step towards dissociating theoretical models of reward processing in smokers.The inclusion of the mask in the supplemental materials is helpful, however, the inclusion of the whole-brain analysis in the supplemental materials would be helpful (although not necessary). The exploratory whole brain analysis demonstrates that the ROI approach did not miss any key reward processing regions. New Author Response: We have now included the ROI mask as a supplementary figure.Reviewer: 1 Comments to the Author SummaryThis report titled 'Smokers and ex-smokers have shared differences in the neural substrates for potential monetary gains and losses' tests the neural correlates of reward and loss anticipation and outcomes via the Monetary Incentive Delay task during fMRI in current cigarette smokers, exsmokers, and non-smoking young adults. This reviewer continues to have no major concerns, but there were some responses that may require further thought and elaboration (outlined below) before this paper is accepted for publication. Materials and MethodsfMRI Data Analysis ...

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“…To date, only one fMRI investigation included ex-smokers and demonstrated that greater prefrontal cortical activation (in response to an attentional bias paradigm and during error monitoring in a go/non-go paradigm) might be a characteristic of smokers who are successful in maintaining abstinence (Nestor et al 2011). These findings point towards a general pattern of increased prefrontal cortical activity in ex-smokers suggesting that top-down control might be an important aspect of long-term nicotine abstinence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking leads to persistent and dose-dependent alterations of brain activity and connectivity in anterior insula and anterior cingulate

et al. 2015

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Although many smokers try to quit smoking, only about 20-25 percent will achieve abstinence despite 6 months or more of gold-standard treatment. This low success rate suggests long-term changes in the brain related to smoking, which remain poorly understood. We compared ex-smokers to both active smokers and non-smokers using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore persistent modifications in brain activity and network organization. This prospective and consecutive study includes 18 non-smokers (29.5 ± 6.7 years of age, 11 women), 14 smokers (≥10 cigarettes a day >2 years of smoking, 29.3 ± 6.0 years of age, 10 women) and 14 ex-smokers (>1 year of quitting 30.5 ± 5.7 years of age, 10 women). Participants underwent a block-design fMRI study contrasting smoking cue with control (neutral cue) videos. Data analyses included task-related general linear model, seed-based functional connectivity, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) of gray matter and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) of white matter. Smoking cue videos versus control videos activated the right anterior insula in ex-smokers compared with smokers, an effect correlating with cumulative nicotine intake (pack-years). Moreover, ex-smokers had a persistent decrease in functional connectivity between right anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) compared with control participants, but similar to active smokers. Potentially confounding alterations in gray or white matter were excluded in VBM and TBSS analyses. In summary, ex-smokers with long-term nicotine abstinence have persistent and dosedependent brain network changes notably in the right anterior insula and its connection to the ACC.

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Differences in “bottom-up” and “top-down” neural activity in current and former cigarette smokers: Evidence for neural substrates which may promote nicotine abstinence through increased cognitive control

Cited by 163 publications

References 172 publications

Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people

Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people

Smokers and ex‐smokers have shared differences in the neural substrates for potential monetary gains and losses

Cigarette smoking leads to persistent and dose-dependent alterations of brain activity and connectivity in anterior insula and anterior cingulate

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