“…Previous studies have examined the function or information transmission between brain areas during object and emotional recognition tasks (Ioannides, 2001, Ioannides et al, 2000), odor stimulation in subjects classified by occupation (Min et al, 2003), and the scientific hypothesis generation process in gifted or normal children (Jin et al, 2006a, b). Hinrichs et al (2006, 2008) used directed information flow (DIF) as a model free approach of information flow to measure causal interactions in event related fMRI, EEG, and MEG experiments.…”