Differences in brain responses between lean and obese women to a sweetened drink

Connolly, Lynn; Coveleskie, Kristen; Kilpatrick, Lisa A.; Labus, Jennifer S.; Ebrat, Bahar; Stains, Jean; Jiang, Zhiguo; Tillisch, Kirsten; Raybould, Helen E.; Mayer, Emeran A.

doi:10.1111/nmo.12125

Cited by 35 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Concomitantly, these results point to abnormal gustatory processing in obesity in response to a meal as well as to the sensory processing of food. The combination of a sweetened drink with the stimulation with food pictures also revealed enhanced anterior insula activation in obese subjects (Connolly et al, 2013), supporting the integration of multimodal stimuli in this area. Generally, the anterior insular cortex is highly responsive to food intake and anticipated food intake, a response that is more pronounced in obese (Stice et al, 2008, 2009).…”

Section: Differential Activation In Lean and Obesementioning

confidence: 88%

Food related processes in the insular cortex

Frank¹,

Kullmann²,

Veit³

2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

157

100

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The insular cortex is a multimodal brain region with regional cytoarchitectonic differences indicating various functional specializations. As a multisensory neural node, the insular cortex integrates perception, emotion, interoceptive awareness, cognition, and gustation. Regarding the latter, predominantly the anterior part of the insular cortex is regarded as the primary taste cortex. In this review, we will specifically focus on the involvement of the insula in food processing and on multimodal integration of food-related items. Influencing factors of insular activation elicited by various foods range from calorie-content to the internal physiologic state, body mass index or eating behavior. Sensory perception of food-related stimuli including seeing, smelling, and tasting elicits increased activation in the anterior and mid-dorsal part of the insular cortex. Apart from the pure sensory gustatory processing, there is also a strong association with the rewarding/hedonic aspects of food items, which is reflected in higher insular activity and stronger connections to other reward-related areas. Interestingly, the processing of food items has been found to elicit different insular activation in lean compared to obese subjects and in patients suffering from an eating disorder (anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN)). The knowledge of functional differences in the insular cortex opens up the opportunity for possible noninvasive treatment approaches for obesity and eating disorders. To target brain functions directly, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback offers a state-of-the-art tool to learn to control the anterior insular cortex activity voluntarily. First evidence indicates that obese adults have an enhanced ability to regulate the anterior insular cortex.

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Section: Differential Activation In Lean and Obesementioning

confidence: 88%

Food related processes in the insular cortex

Frank¹,

Kullmann²,

Veit³

2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

157

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is known that sweet taste perception can trigger the brain reward system for measures of taste quality as well as an incentive motivational component 13;20;21;23–27 . Sucrose, which contains energy and sweet taste, has been shown to activate taste recognition and reward related regions of the brain differently than sucralose, which contains only sweet taste 28 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Running Performance With Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweetened Mouth Rinses

Hawkins¹,

Krishnan²,

Ringos³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Mouth rinsing (MR) with carbohydrate during exercise has been shown to act as an ergogenic aid. Purpose To investigate if nutritive or nonnutritive sweetened MR affect exercise performance, and to assess the influence of sweetness intensity on endurance performance during a time-trial (TT). Methods This randomized, single blinded study had 4 treatment conditions. 16 subjects (9 men, 7 women) completed a 12.8km TT four different times. During each TT, subjects MR and expectorated a different solution at time 0 and every 12.5% of the TT. The 4 MR solutions were: sucrose (S) (sweet taste and provides energy of 4 kcals/g), a lower intensity sucralose (S1:1) (artificial sweetener that provides no energy but tastes sweet), a higher intensity sucralose (S100:1), and water as control (C). Completion times for each TT, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded. Results Completion time for S was faster than C (1:03:47±00:02:17 vs. 1:06:56±00:02:18; p<0.001, respectively), and showed a trend to be faster vs. S100:1 (1:03:47±00:02:17 vs. 1:05:38±00:02:12; p=0.07, respectively). No other TT differences were found. Average HR showed a trend to be higher for S vs. C (p=0.08). There only differences in average or max RPE was for higher max RPE in C vs. S1:1 (p=0.02). Conclusion A sweet tasting MR did improve endurance performance compared to water in a significant manner (avg. 4.5% improvement; 3+ min.); however, the presence of energy in the sweet MR appeared necessary since the artificial sweeteners did not improve performance more than water alone.

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“…After the resting scan, subjects completed additional fMRI scans involving food-related images; these data are not included in the current report, and is reported elsewhere. 15 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sucrose Ingestion on Brainstem and Hypothalamic Intrinsic Oscillations in Lean and Obese Women

Kilpatrick

Coveleskie²,

Connolly

et al. 2014

Gastroenterology

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BACKGROUND & AIMS The study of intrinsic fluctuations in the blood oxygen level-dependent signal of functional magnetic resonance imaging can provide insight into the effect of physiologic states on brain processes. In an effort to better understand the brain–gut communication induced by the absorption and metabolism of nutrients in healthy lean and obese individuals, we investigated whether ingestion of nutritive and non-nutritive sweetened beverages differentially engages the hypothalamus and brainstem vagal pathways in lean and obese women. METHODS In a 2-day, double-blind crossover study, 11 lean and 11 obese healthy women underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans after ingestion of 2 beverages of different sucrose content, but identical sweetness. During scans, subjects rested with eyes closed. RESULTS Blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations demonstrated significantly greater power in the highest frequency band (slow-3: 0.073–0.198 Hz) after ingestion of high-sucrose compared with low-sucrose beverages in the nucleus tractus solitarius for both groups. Obese women had greater connectivity between the right lateral hypothalamus and a reward-related brain region and weaker connectivity with homeostasis and gustatory-related brain regions than lean women. CONCLUSIONS In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we observed sucrose-related changes in oscillatory dynamics of blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations in brainstem and hypothalamus in lean and obese women. The observed frequency changes are consistent with a rapid vagally mediated mechanism due to nutrient absorption, rather than sweet taste receptor activation. These findings provide support for altered interaction between homeostatic and reward networks in obese individuals.

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Differences in brain responses between lean and obese women to a sweetened drink

Cited by 35 publications

References 46 publications

Food related processes in the insular cortex

Food related processes in the insular cortex

Running Performance With Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweetened Mouth Rinses

Influence of Sucrose Ingestion on Brainstem and Hypothalamic Intrinsic Oscillations in Lean and Obese Women

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