Differences in Factors Associated with Albuminuria according to Gender and Comorbidities of Hypertension and Diabetes

Abstract

BackgroundThis study examined the differences in factors associated with albuminuria according to gender and comorbidities of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsWe included 3,859 participants aged 20 to 79 years (55% female) from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were excluded if they took antihypertensive or anti-diabetic medication, had chronic renal failure, had malignant tumor, were pregnant or menstruating during the health examination, or had missing urine albumin data. Albuminuria was defined by the participant's urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR). Relationships between dependent and independent variables were analyzed using the Pearson's correlation test and simple linear regression. Due to possible muticollinearity, multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether the association between the dependent and independent variables of interest remained significant after adjustment for other potentially confounding independent variables.ResultsThe variables significantly correlated with uACR were different between the genders and between subjects with HTN or DM as a comorbidity. In the multiple linear regression models, hemoglobin A1c (P=0.01) was positively associated with uACR in men without HTN and DM. In men with HTN or DM, systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose (P<0.01) were positively associated with uACR. In women with HTN or DM, waist circumference (P=0.011) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P<0.001) were positively correlated with uACR (P<0.05) and glucose level (P=0.019) was negatively correlated with uACR.ConclusionThe study suggested factors correlated with albuminuria were different for men and women according to comorbidities such as HTN and DM.

Relationship between serum and tear levels of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in diabetic retinopathy

“…Although, the reason for this remains unclear, it is likely that the gender differences (M:F of 9:17 in the DR group compared to 14:15 in no DR group) were the contributing factors. One of the previous studies has suggested that factors that correlate with albuminuria were different for men and women according to comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes [ 29 ]. Additionally, other factors that may have contributed include the severity of DR and nephropathy, ongoing medications as well as the glycaemic control, although a positive correlation with HbA1c level was not evident in the current study.…”

High prevalence of albuminuria among adult males living with HIV in Botswana

“…Predictors of albuminuria differ among males and females and may also be driven by underlying chronic medical conditions 27 . Several studies have shown that PLWH with diabetes mellitus have a significantly higher prevalence of albuminuria [28][29][30] .…”

Differential Association of Vitamin D Deficiency With Albuminuria by Sex in the Korean General Population: A Cross-sectional Study of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012

“…Albuminuria is not only a prognostic marker for renal disease, but also a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality [ 1 , 2 ]. Because of its broad range of implications, albuminuria itself has been targeted as a therapeutic goal to prevent the progression of certain medical conditions [ 1 - 3 ].…”

“…However, to our knowledge, the association between vitamin D deficiency and albuminuria in the general population in Korea has not yet been investigated. Moreover, since sex has strong effects on the prevalence of albuminuria and on vitamin D metabolism [ 2 , 19 ], it is necessary to explore whether sex has confounding effects or interaction effects on the association between these 2 variables. The aim of our study was to assess the association between low serum vitamin D levels and albuminuria separately by sex in the Korean general population.…”