Differences in Fertility Patterns Between Urban and Rural Women in Washington State, 1983–1984 to 1993–1994

Glusker, Ann; Dobie, Sharon A.; Madigan, David; Rosenblatt, Roger A.; Larson, Eric

doi:10.1300/j013v31n01_04

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Fertility levels are higher in rural areas and small towns and lower in large cities. This pattern has been observed for the US (HEATON et al 1989;GLUSKER et al 2000), England and Wales (TROMANS et al 2008), France (FAGNANI 1991), the Netherlands (MULDER and WAGNER 2001;DE BEER and DEERENBERG 2007), Italy (BRUNETTA and ROTONDI 1991;MICHIELIN 2004), Germany and Austria (HANK 2001;KULU 2006), the Nordic countries (THYGESEN et al 2005;, the Czech Republic (BURCIN and KUČERA 2000), Poland and Estonia (VOJTĚCHOVSKÁ 2000;KULU 2005; and Russia (ZAKHAROV and IVANOVA 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Why Do Fertility Levels Vary between Urban and Rural Areas?

Kulu

2013

Regional Studies

115

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In this study, we examine the causes of fertility variation across settlements. We use rich longitudinal data from Finland and apply event history analysis. Our analysis shows that fertility levels are the highest in small towns and rural areas and the lowest in the capital city, as expected. The socioeconomic characteristics of women and selective migrations account for only a small portion of fertility variation across settlements. Housing conditions explain a significant portion of urban-rural fertility variation for first birth, but little variation for second and third birth. The analysis suggests that there are also significant contextual effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Why Do Fertility Levels Vary between Urban and Rural Areas?

Kulu

2013

Regional Studies

115

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“…One of the earliest studies of distance traveled for abortion post Roe v. Wade found that the greater the distance from an abortion clinic, the lower the abortion rate, but acknowledged that lower abortion rates may be a function of women in more rural areas far from abortion clinics preferring not to terminate a pregnancy as well as a lack of knowledge of the availability and location of abortion providers [31]. Rural populations are less likely to support abortion under a range of circumstances than their urban counterparts [32] and studies have shown higher fertility rates paired with lower abortion rates among rural women compared to urban women in specific contexts [33]. Although rural women are underrepresented among abortion patients [3], the reasons for this are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance traveled for Medicaid-covered abortion care in California

Johns

Foster

Upadhyay

2017

BMC Health Serv Res

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BackgroundAccess to abortion care in the United States is limited by the availability of abortion providers and their geographic distribution. We aimed to assess how far women travel for Medicaid-funded abortion in California and identify disparities in access to abortion care.MethodsWe obtained data on all abortions reimbursed by the fee-for-service California state Medicaid program (Medi-Cal) in 2011 and 2012 and examined distance traveled to obtain abortion care by several demographic and abortion-related factors. Mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to examine factors associated with traveling 50 miles or more. County-level t-tests and linear regressions were conducted to examine the effects of a Medi-Cal abortion provider in a county on overall and urban/rural differences in utilization.Results11.9% (95% CI: 11.5–12.2%) of women traveled 50 miles or more. Women obtaining second trimester or later abortions (21.7%), women obtaining abortions at hospitals (19.9%), and rural women (51.0%) were most likely to travel 50 miles or more. Across the state, 28 counties, home to 10% of eligible women, did not have a facility routinely providing Medi-Cal-covered abortions.ConclusionsEfforts are needed to expand the number of abortion providers that accept Medi-Cal. This could be accomplished by increasing Medi-Cal reimbursement rates, increasing the types of providers who can provide abortions, and expanding the use of telemedicine. If national trends in declining unintended pregnancy and abortion rates continue, careful attention should be paid to ensure that reduced demand does not lead to greater disparities in geographic and financial access to abortion care by ensuring that providers accepting Medicaid payment are available and widely distributed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2241-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Criminal justice agencies in rural areas generally have fewer resources and smaller budgets than those in urban localities (Weisheit et al ), including limited jail space for women, inadequate staffing to accommodate female offenders' needs (e.g., pregnancy or mental health problems), and limited financial resources to transport female defendants to other facilities (e.g., state prisons). In addition, with higher fertility rates (Fuguitt, Beale, and Reibel ; Glusker et al ) but fewer accessible child‐care or elder‐care facilities in rural than urban areas (Hofferth and Iceland ), rural females are more likely to have family care responsibilities that might increase the social costs of female incarceration and result in judges' reluctance to impose longer sentence lengths. Taken together, these practical constraints of relatively high costs and limited resources might lead rural judges to be reluctant to sentence female defendants to longer jail terms, a reluctance that in turn leads to greater gender disparities in the most rural areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural and Urban Differences in Gender‐Sentencing Patterns of Pennsylvania

2018

Rural Sociology

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Research on criminal punishment and judicial decision making consistently reveals that female offenders receive more lenient treatment than similarly situated male counterparts. A major shortcoming in this body of research, however, is the lack of studies on whether the effects of gender on sentencing differ across geographic localities, such as in rural versus urban courts. Using a rich database on recent sentencing practices in Pennsylvania from 2003 to 2010 (N 5 186,634), this study addresses this gap by investigating and comparing the effects of gender on sentence outcomes across six types of locality categorized by their level of rurality. Consistent with the focal concerns theory of punishment decision making, the results indicate robust gender effects on sentencing outcomes across places. When other factors are held constant, female defendants consistently receive more lenient treatment; they are less likely to be incarcerated and receive short sentences if incarcerated. The magnitudes of gender disparities are consistent across levels of the rural-urban continuum, with one exception: female leniency in shorter jail or prison sentences is greater in the smallest and most rural localities than in other areas. The article discusses implications of the study findings for research on sentencing and rurality. * I thank Dr. Darrell Steffensmeier and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. I also thank the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing for access to the database.

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Differences in Fertility Patterns Between Urban and Rural Women in Washington State, 1983–1984 to 1993–1994

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Why Do Fertility Levels Vary between Urban and Rural Areas?

Why Do Fertility Levels Vary between Urban and Rural Areas?

Distance traveled for Medicaid-covered abortion care in California

Rural and Urban Differences in Gender‐Sentencing Patterns of Pennsylvania

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