Differences in Inflammatory Cytokine Levels between Patients with Varying Severity of Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Guss, Lark G; Javvaji, Srimanasi; Case, Jamie; Bs, Bethany Barrick; Schaefer, Kathryn N; Bs, Ryan Gilbertson; Waalen, Jill; Greenway, Hugh T; Housman, Leland B.

doi:10.4172/2329-6925.1000363

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Considering that CVeD has not only local but also global consequences is important. Along this line, multiple studies have confirmed the dysregulation of several systemic components, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, epigenetic markers, oxidative stress products, and some circulating parameters (estradiol, homocysteine, VEGF) [255][256][257][258].…”

Section: Chronic Venous Disease Clinical Manifestations and Repercuss...mentioning

confidence: 89%

The Pivotal Role of the Placenta in Normal and Pathological Pregnancies: A Focus on Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction, and Maternal Chronic Venous Disease

Ortega

Fraile-Martínez

García-Montero

et al. 2022

Cells

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The placenta is a central structure in pregnancy and has pleiotropic functions. This organ grows incredibly rapidly during this period, acting as a mastermind behind different fetal and maternal processes. The relevance of the placenta extends far beyond the pregnancy, being crucial for fetal programming before birth. Having integrative knowledge of this maternofetal structure helps significantly in understanding the development of pregnancy either in a proper or pathophysiological context. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the main features of the placenta, with a special focus on its early development, cytoarchitecture, immunology, and functions in non-pathological conditions. In contraposition, the role of the placenta is examined in preeclampsia, a worrisome hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, in order to describe the pathophysiological implications of the placenta in this disease. Likewise, dysfunction of the placenta in fetal growth restriction, a major consequence of preeclampsia, is also discussed, emphasizing the potential clinical strategies derived. Finally, the emerging role of the placenta in maternal chronic venous disease either as a causative agent or as a consequence of the disease is equally treated.

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Section: Chronic Venous Disease Clinical Manifestations and Repercuss...mentioning

confidence: 89%

The Pivotal Role of the Placenta in Normal and Pathological Pregnancies: A Focus on Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction, and Maternal Chronic Venous Disease

Ortega

Fraile-Martínez

García-Montero

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…Even, the different hemodynamical, hormonal and mechanical factors associated with CVD might also relate to inflammation, and both can be a consequence of them. However, it is more plausible that all these factors are connected, as according to previous evidence, the inflammatory response is essential in the onset and development of CVD, and in turn, increased levels of tissue and systemic proinflammatory markers are directly associated with CEAP severity [ 4 , 30 ]. Howsoever, we previously evidenced that CVD during pregnancy is associated with an increased proinflammatory status observed in the serum of the mother and newborns, as well as damage in maternofetal structures, such as the umbilical cord [ 14 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Venous Disease during Pregnancy Is Related to Inflammation of the Umbilical Cord: Role of Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1 (AIF-1) and Interleukins 10 (IL-10), IL-12 and IL-18

Sánchez-Trujillo,

Fraile-Martinez,

García-Montero

et al. 2023

JPM

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Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a common condition that affects the veins in the lower limbs, resulting in a variety of symptoms, such as swelling, pain, and varicose veins (VVs). The plenty hormonal, hemodynamic and mechanical changes occurred in pregnancy make women especially vulnerable to suffer from this condition in this period. Previous works have identified that CVD is associated with an increased inflammatory milieu and significant damage in maternofetal tissues, such as the umbilical cord. However, the inflammatory status of this structure in these patients has not been studied yet. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine gene and protein expression of a set of inflammatory markers—Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 12A (IL-12A) and IL-18 and the anti-inflammatory product IL-10—in the umbilical cord of women with CVD during pregnancy (N = 62) and healthy pregnant women (HC; N = 52) by the use of real time qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our results demonstrate that the umbilical cord tissue from CVD women exhibit an increased expression of AIF-1, IL-12A and IL-18 along with a decrease in IL-10. Therefore, our study suggests an inflammatory status of this structure related to CVD. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the expression of other inflammatory markers, as well as to analyze the maternofetal impact of these findings.

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“…For instance, Lattimer et al [ 175 ] showed increased levels of some proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in blood samples from patients with VV. Although an exacerbated inflammation is found in patients with CVI, Guss et al [ 176 ] reported that, in severe cases, the level of inflammatory cytokines are diminished, thereby hypothesizing that inflammatory cytokines might be involved in tissue repair rather than damage. Similarly, Howlader and Smith [ 177 ] did not find any correlation between inflammatory markers with patient symptoms, therefore indicating the intricate role of the cytokines in CVD pathophysiology.…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrary to popular beliefs and as reviewed throughout the study, the presence of VV is much more than an esthetic concern, but also a worrisome condition with many symptoms and signs, entailing devastating consequences in the QOL of the patients [ 2 ]. In this sense, it is known that individuals with CVD present a disrupted serum levels of many compounds including proinflammatory cytokines [ 176 ], circulating parameters (prominently estradiol, homocysteine, and VEGF) [ 288 ], oxidative stress indicators [ 122 ] and epigenetic markers [ 285 ]. In addition, much of these agents increase at advanced stages of CVD, therefore suggesting the systemic implications of the disease.…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Chronic Venous Disease: A Critical Overview of Its Pathophysiology and Medical Management

Ortega

Fraile-Martínez

García-Montero

et al. 2021

JCM

120

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Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a multifactorial condition affecting an important percentage of the global population. It ranges from mild clinical signs, such as telangiectasias or reticular veins, to severe manifestations, such as venous ulcerations. However, varicose veins (VVs) are the most common manifestation of CVD. The explicit mechanisms of the disease are not well-understood. It seems that genetics and a plethora of environmental agents play an important role in the development and progression of CVD. The exposure to these factors leads to altered hemodynamics of the venous system, described as ambulatory venous hypertension, therefore promoting microcirculatory changes, inflammatory responses, hypoxia, venous wall remodeling, and epigenetic variations, even with important systemic implications. Thus, a proper clinical management of patients with CVD is essential to prevent potential harms of the disease, which also entails a significant loss of the quality of life in these individuals. Hence, the aim of the present review is to collect the current knowledge of CVD, including its epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors, but emphasizing the pathophysiology and medical care of these patients, including clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatments. Furthermore, future directions will also be covered in this work in order to provide potential fields to explore in the context of CVD.

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Differences in Inflammatory Cytokine Levels between Patients with Varying Severity of Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

The Pivotal Role of the Placenta in Normal and Pathological Pregnancies: A Focus on Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction, and Maternal Chronic Venous Disease

The Pivotal Role of the Placenta in Normal and Pathological Pregnancies: A Focus on Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction, and Maternal Chronic Venous Disease

Chronic Venous Disease during Pregnancy Is Related to Inflammation of the Umbilical Cord: Role of Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1 (AIF-1) and Interleukins 10 (IL-10), IL-12 and IL-18

Understanding Chronic Venous Disease: A Critical Overview of Its Pathophysiology and Medical Management

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