Differences in response initiation and behavioral flexibility between adolescent and adult rats.

Simon, N.; Gregory, Timothy A; Wood, Jesse; Moghaddam, Bita

doi:10.1037/a0031328

Cited by 34 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Thus, despite similar testing ages for the adult groups in ours and the previous studies (Simon et al, 2013, Newman & McGaughy, 2011, the age and presumed pubertal status of the adolescent groups may contribute to inconsistent findings. Future studies are required to pinpoint the precise role that these various methodological factors play in laboratory rodent assessments of age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…Rodent studies of age differences in behavioral flexibility that use positive (food) or negative (escape from water) reinforcement have reported mixed results (Simon, Gregory, Wood, & Moghaddam, 2013;Newman & McGaughy, 2011;Willing, Drzewiecki, Cuenod, Cortes, & Juraska, 2016), with factors such as pubertal onset potentially contributing to disparate findings . Studies of age differences in reward processing also highlight the importance of the peripubertal period in males, as there is a peripubertal peak in motivation for (Friemel, Spanagel, & Schneider, 2010) and consumption of palatable reward (Friemel et al, 2010;Marshall, Liu, Murphy, Maidment, & Ostlund, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Westbrook¹,

Hankosky²,

Dwyer³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Compared to adults, adolescent behavior is often characterized by reduced behavioral flexibility, increased sensitivity to reward, and increased likelihood to take risks. These traits, which have been hypothesized to confer heightened vulnerability to psychopathologies such as substance use disorders (SUDs), have been the focus of studies in laboratory animal models that seek to understand their neural underpinnings. However, rodent studies to date have typically used only males and have adopted standard methodological practices (e.g., weight loss inducing food restriction) that are likely to have a disparate impact on adolescents compared to adults.Here, we used adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to study instrumental behavior tasks that assess behavioral flexibility (strategy shifting and reversal learning; Exp. 1), sensitivity to reward value (outcome devaluation; Exp. 2), and risky decision making (probability discounting; Exp. 3). In Exp. 1, we found that adolescents were faster to acquire reversal learning than adults but there were no differences in strategy shifting. In Exps. 2 and 3, adolescents and adults were equally sensitive to changes in reward value and exhibited similar reductions in preference for a large reward when reinforcement probability was decreased.However, adolescents responded more efficiently and earned reinforcers at a higher rate than their same-sex, adult counterparts. Together, these findings provide only limited support for the existence of an "adolescent-typical" phenotype in Sprague-Dawley rats and instead suggest that age differences in the expression of these behaviors may depend on conditions such as pubertal status and motivational state.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Westbrook¹,

Hankosky²,

Dwyer³

et al. 2017

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, Simon, Gregory, Wood, and Moghaddam (2013) describe a cued response inhibition task, which is similar to the stop-signal task described above. This task begins with illuminated nose poke holes in which the animals may respond for a reward, and an inhibitory tone.…”

Section: Impulsive Behavior: Definition and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In animal research, adolescent rats have shown deficits in cognitive flexibility, but not necessarily impulsivity in stop tasks (Simon, Gregory, & Moghaddam, 2013). Premature responses in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task were greater in adolescent rats than adults (Burton & Fletcher, 2012).…”

Section: Review Of Impulsive Behavior and Drug Use In Adolescence mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Simon et al (2013) found that although both age groups showed similar response inhibition behaviors, adolescents were slower to respond after the inhibitory cue terminated, suggesting possible deficits in prepotent response inhibition during adolescence in rodents. Counotte et al (2009) conducted a study in which rats were exposed to nicotine in either adolescence or adulthood; nicotine increased premature responding in only those who were exposed in adolescence, not adulthood.…”

Section: Impulsive Behavior Across the Lifespan: Implications For mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age and impulsive behavior in drug addiction: A review of past research and future directions

Argyriou

Carron

et al. 2018

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Impulsive behavior is implicated in the initiation, maintenance, and relapse of drug-seeking behaviors involved in drug addiction. Research shows that changes in impulsive behavior across the lifespan contribute to drug use and addiction. The goal of this review is to examine existing research on the relationship between impulsive behavior and drug use across the lifespan and to recommend directions for future research. Three domains of impulsive behavior are explored in this review: impulsive behavior-related personality traits, delay discounting, and prepotent response inhibition. First, we present previous research on these three domains of impulsive behavior and drug use across developmental stages. Then, we discuss how changes in impulsive behavior across the lifespan are implicated in the progression of drug use and addiction. Finally, we discuss the relatively limited attention given to middle-to-older adults in the current literature, consider the validity of the measures used to assess impulsive behavior in middle-to-older adulthood, and suggest recommendations for future research.

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Reducing substance use during adolescence: a translational framework for prevention

Stanis

Andersen

2014

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale Most substance use is initiated during adolescence when substantial development of relevant brain circuitry is still rapidly maturing. Developmental differences in reward processing, behavioral flexibility, and self-regulation lead to changes in resilience or vulnerability to drugs of abuse depending on exposure to risk factors. Intervention and prevention approaches to reducing addiction in teens may be able to capitalize on malleable brain systems in a predictable manner. Objective To review what is known about how factors that increase vulnerability to addiction, including developmental stage, exposure to early life adversity (ranging from abuse, neglect, and bullying), drug exposure, and genetic predisposition, impact the development of relevant systems. Results and Conclusions Appropriate, early intervention may restore the normal course of an abnormal trajectory and reduce the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder (SUD) later in life. A considerable amount is known about the functional neuroanatomy and/or pharmacology of risky behaviors based on clinical and preclinical studies, but relatively little has been directly translated to reduce their impact on addiction in high-risk children or teenagers. An opportunity exists to effectively intervene before adolescence when substance use is likely to emerge.

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Differences in response initiation and behavioral flexibility between adolescent and adult rats.

Cited by 34 publications

References 60 publications

Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Age and sex differences in behavioral flexibility, sensitivity to reward value, and risky decision-making

Age and impulsive behavior in drug addiction: A review of past research and future directions

Reducing substance use during adolescence: a translational framework for prevention

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