Differences in the activity pattern of the wild boar Sus scrofa related to human disturbance

Daily activity rhythms in mammals are influenced by a range of biotic and abiotic factors. During warm periods, mountain ungulates living in open areas typically show a bimodal pattern of activity rhythms, with peaks at dawn and dusk. To date, however, little is known about the activity patterns of mountain ungulates living in forested habitats and in areas where large predators are present. Using camera traps over a 6-month period between May and October of 2012, we investigated the activity pattern of a chamois population dwelling in the forests of the northern Mount Velebit region (Croatia) and its overlap with the activity patterns of potential predators (brown bear, grey wolf) and competitors (wild boar). Chamois showed a peak of activity between 5:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m., when 65 % of individuals were photographed. Contrary to previous literature on chamois, we found evidence for a unimodal pattern of activity with a peak in the early morning hours: At a seasonal level, this pattern remained fairly consistent, though the activity at dusk increased in the warmest months. The main peak of activity occurred during periods of decreased activity of potential predators and competitors, and chamois exhibited the least tolerance for overlap with grey wolf. Further studies are needed to clarify whether this pattern is typical of forest-dwelling populations or if it reflects a temporal niche shift, possibly as a strategy to avoid predators.

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“…1a-d) Ohashi et al 2013), and our data confirmed that this pattern was consistent throughout the different time periods (Fig. 1a-d).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Unimodal activity pattern in forest-dwelling chamois: typical behaviour or interspecific avoidance?

et al. 2015

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“…In the Kaeng Krachan National Park, Ngoprasert et al (2017) found that leopards became more diurnal in the absence of tourist activity. Several studies further noted that poached species became more nocturnal in response to high hunting pressure (Di Bitetti et al 2008;Ohashi et al 2013;van Doormaal et al 2015). A change in daily activity pattern, particularly an increase in nocturnal activity, therefore, can serve as a potential indicator of human disturbance and hunting.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

<b>Observations of occurrence and daily activity patterns of ungulates in the Endau Rompin Landscape, peninsular Malaysia</b>

Tan¹,

Hamzah²,

Saaban³

et al. 2018

J. Threat. Taxa

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Camera trap data was used to study occurrence and daily activity patterns in the Endau Rompin Landscape of peninsular Malaysia during 2011, 2013 and 2015 to estimate Malayan Tiger Panthera tigris jacksoni population densities. By-catch data were also collected for seven ungulate species: Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak, Bearded Pig Sus barbatus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Greater Mousedeer Tragulus napu, Lesser Mousedeer Tragulus kanchil, Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus and Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor. Of these, Bayesian single-season occupancy analysis suggested that Barking Deer were the most widespread and Mousedeer spp. the least widespread during the study period. Bearded Pig, Malayan Tapir and Wild Boar were recorded in more than half of the camera trap area (Sambar Deer was excluded due to small sample size). Daily activity patterns based on independent captures in 2015 suggest that Barking Deer, Bearded Pig and Wild Boar are mostly diurnal, mousedeer species are crepuscular and Malayan Tapir strongly nocturnal.Keywords: Bayesian single-season occupancy, by-catch, camera trap, daily activity pattern, Endau Rompin Landscape, occurrence, peninsular Malaysia, ungulate. Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2018 | 10(2): 11245-11253 Ungulates in Endau Rompin Landscape, Malaysia Tan et al. Journal of Threatened 11246 INTRODUCTIONOf the 11 species of ungulates reported from Peninsular Malaysia (Francis 2008), 10 have been reported in the southern Endau Rompin Landscape (ERL). Banteng Bos javanicus, Gaur Bos gaurus and Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis were recorded in the past century (Milton 1963; Davison & Kiew 1987; Burhanuddin et al. 1995 Table 1.These ungulates are likely the major prey base for the Critically Endangered Malayan Tiger in peninsular Malaysia (Kawanishi 2002; Goldthorpe & Neo 2011;Kawanishi et al. 2013;Rayan & Linkie 2015). Karanth & Sunquist (1995) found that larger carnivores selectively hunt larger prey when available. A decline in large ungulate prey has been reported to be linked to a decline in a tiger population (Ramakrishnan et al. 1999). Understanding the ecology of large ungulate prey is, therefore, important to predator conservation.Collecting information about these ungulates can be useful to tiger conservation in the ERL.Camera trapping is an effective non-invasive method to study shy and reclusive wild animals (see Ancrenaz et al. 2012;Sunarto et al. 2013; Trolliet et al. 2014). Detection/non-detection information captured by camera traps can be used to study species occurrence (O'Connell & Bailey 2011;Shannon et al. 2014) and activity pattern (Ridout & Linkie 2009). There are, however, some limitations on the use of these data as indicated by Liang (2015), including the fact that setting cameras at certain heights for large mammals sometimes misses smaller animals that pass by undetected.In 2011, 2013 and 2015, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) -Malaysia Program conducted intensive camera trapping to estimate Malayan Tiger population densities in the ...

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“…For example, in Poland, wild boar activity was evenly distributed throughout the diel period in urban areas and was more nocturnal in less disturbed forests (Podgórski et al 2013). In addition, in areas where hunting occurred wild boars increased nocturnal activity (Ohashi et al 2012). We detected adult females with dependent young, suggesting they were nursing and had increased energy requirements during our study.…”

Section: Studies On Neotropical Fauna and Environment 179mentioning

confidence: 89%

Occurrence of invasive mammals in southern Nahuel Huapi National Park

Gantchoff

Belant

Masson

2013

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment

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Introduced mammals in Patagonia are believed to negatively influence native ecosystems. We surveyed invasive mammals using camera traps in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina, from February to May 2012. We deployed 19 cameras for about 30 days each, for a total of 645 camera days. We obtained 352 independent detections of three invasive mammal species: 67% European hare (Lepus europaeus), 32% wild boar (Sus scrofa), and 1% red deer (Cervus elaphus); no native herbivorous or omnivorous mammals were detected. All species showed nocturnal activity patterns. Hare detections reflected generalist habitat use and wild boars showed preference for more humid areas. The increased detection near roads suggests hares and wild boars are being facilitated through human disturbance, which should be considered in management decisions.

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Differences in the activity pattern of the wild boar Sus scrofa related to human disturbance

Cited by 109 publications

References 43 publications

Unimodal activity pattern in forest-dwelling chamois: typical behaviour or interspecific avoidance?

Unimodal activity pattern in forest-dwelling chamois: typical behaviour or interspecific avoidance?

<b>Observations of occurrence and daily activity patterns of ungulates in the Endau Rompin Landscape, peninsular Malaysia</b>

Occurrence of invasive mammals in southern Nahuel Huapi National Park

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