Differences in the cargos and functions of exosomes derived from six cardiac cell types: a systematic review

Abstract

Exosomes are bilayer membrane vesicles with cargos that contain a variety of surface proteins, markers, lipids, nucleic acids, and noncoding RNAs. Exosomes from different cardiac cells participate in the processes of cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, hypertrophy, and regeneration, as well as angiogenesis and enhanced cardiac function, which accelerate cardiac repair. In this article, we mainly focused on the exosomes from six main types of cardiac cells, i.e., fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, cardiac progenitor cells, adipocytes, and cardiac telocytes. This may be the first article to describe the commonalities and differences in regard to the function and underlying mechanisms of exosomes among six cardiac cell types in cardiovascular disease.

Utilization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiac Repair

“…Exosomes equip a unique and powerful carrier for cells to deliver a variety of bioactive components and promote intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes from many stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (Lai et al, 2010), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) , cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) (Barile et al, 2018), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (Adamiak et al, 2018), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) (Xu et al, 2019) have been well investigated for their cardiac repair potency in several types of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury or myocardial infarction. Among these cell types, iPSCs is the most promising candidate for therapeutic applications because they can be generated from the patient's own somatic cells, possess extensive cell-renewal capability and potentially provide a variety of cell types that can be re-administered to the patient (Zhu et al, 2018).…”

“…The therapeutic delivery of exosomes through the circulation system by using miRNAs mimics or synthetic exosomes as cargos and vehicles have been widely studied. Exosomes from CPCs (CPC-EXOs), ADSCs (ADSC-EXOs), MSCs (MSC-EXOs) or other stem cells have indicated positive results in the field of ischemic heart repair, including stimulation of angiogenesis and suppression of apoptosis (Xu et al, 2019). Because of the specific miRNA and cytokines in the cargo of CPC-EXOs, the therapeutic effect of CPC-EXOs is reported to be better than that of CPCs and MSC-EXOs (Barile et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2019).…”

“…Exosomes from CPCs (CPC-EXOs), ADSCs (ADSC-EXOs), MSCs (MSC-EXOs) or other stem cells have indicated positive results in the field of ischemic heart repair, including stimulation of angiogenesis and suppression of apoptosis (Xu et al, 2019). Because of the specific miRNA and cytokines in the cargo of CPC-EXOs, the therapeutic effect of CPC-EXOs is reported to be better than that of CPCs and MSC-EXOs (Barile et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2019). Hypoxia pretreatment of ADSC-EXOs and regulation of miRNAs in ADSC-EXOs including miR126-Spred1-ERK1/2-MAPK signaling pathway in angiogenesis, miR93-5p/TLR4 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in alleviated apoptosis both enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of acute myocardial infarction, suggesting the effectiveness of engineered exosomes as an alternative therapy for ischemic heart disease and regenerative medicine (Xu et al, 2019).…”

Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Resident Progenitor Cells and the role of Cellular Signalling; a Review

“…This form of intercellular communication allows horizontal transfer of genetic information between stem and resident adult cells via extracellular vesicles. Several studies have demonstrated that the exosomes of cardiac cells may be vital to their capacity for renewal [6,17].…”

“…A standardized/optimal method of isolating and purifying exosomes from cells of interest is yet to be achieved [7,45]. It has been suggested that the capacity for CPCs to heal the damaged myocardium may be related to exosomal signalling [17,46]. Manipulation of these extracellular vesicles may offer an alternative, or complementary treatment to implantation.…”