Differences in the occurrence and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia (2002 − 2012)

Ng-Hublin, Josephine; Combs, Barry; Reid, Simon; Ryan, Una

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.018

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The observation that notification rates were highest in children aged 0–4 years and adult females aged 30–34 years is consistent with other studies in WA [16, 41]. This highlights that children ⩽4 years are most susceptible to infection, either due to no previous exposure to Cryptosporidium , and/or have behaviour that encourages infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The higher number of notifications in non-Aboriginal people may be a reflection of the distribution of Aboriginal populations in WA. As observed in a recent study, the vast majority of non-Aboriginal people live in urban areas, while most Aboriginal people live in rural and remote areas of WA [41]. The notification rate in Aboriginal people, however, is 6–20 times higher than in non-Aboriginal people, which highlights the unequal distribution of disease burden in these communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In both the 2007 and 2011 outbreaks, the C. hominis IbA10G2 subtype was the most common subtype identified. This subtype is endemic in the WA metropolitan area but is less common in remote and rural areas of WA [23, 41]. Interestingly, the IbA10G2 subtype was only identified in cases from remote areas late in the 2007 outbreak.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection in Aboriginal people, which constituted the majority of cases in remote areas, was mainly attributed to the IdA15G1 subtype (data not shown). The IdA15G1 subtype is thought to be endemic to the Aboriginal population, particularly in the remote areas of WA [41]. This indicates that person-to-person transmission occurs mainly within, rather than between, these two population groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia: 2003, 2007 and 2011

et al. 2018

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Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes the diarrhoeal disease, cryptosporidiosis. Although many species have been identified, the majority of human disease worldwide is caused by two species; Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. In Australia, data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) show that cryptosporidiosis outbreaks occur every few years. To better understand the transmission, trends and nature of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia, epidemiological and genomic data from three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in 2003, 2007 and 2011 were reviewed. The 2007 outbreak was the largest (n = 607) compared with the outbreaks in 2003 (n = 404) and 2011 (n = 355). All three outbreaks appeared to have occurred predominantly in the urban metropolitan area (Perth), which reported the highest number of case notifications; increases in case notifications were also observed in rural and remote areas. Children aged 0-4 years and non-Aboriginal people comprised the majority of notifications in all outbreaks. However, in the 2003 and 2007 outbreaks, a higher proportion of cases from Aboriginal people was observed in the remote areas. Molecular data were only available for the 2007 (n = 126) and 2011 (n = 42) outbreaks, with C. hominis the main species identified in both outbreaks. Subtyping at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus identified subtype IbA10G2 in 46.3% and 89.5% of C. hominis isolates typed, respectively, in the 2007 and 2011 outbreaks, with the IdA15G1 subtype was identified in 33.3% of C. hominis isolates typed in the 2007 outbreak. The clustering of cases with the IdA15G1 subtype in the remote areas suggests the occurrence of a concurrent outbreak in remote areas during the 2007 outbreak, which primarily affected Aboriginal people. Both the C. hominis IbA10G2 and IdA15G1 subtypes have been implicated in cryptosporidiosis outbreaks worldwide; its occurrence indicates that the mode of transmission in both the 2007 and 2011 outbreaks was anthroponotic. To better understand the epidemiology, sources and transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Australia, genotyping data should routinely be incorporated into national surveillance programmes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia: 2003, 2007 and 2011

et al. 2018

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“…Further, E. coli and/or Naegleria microbes were detected in at least one community each month over a two-year monitoring period, indicating faecal contamination of the drinking water 33,73 . The microbial water-borne disease, Cryptosporidiosis, was found to be disproportionately high in remote Indigenous communities, compared to the non-Indigenous urban population in Western Australia 74 . Other enteric pathogens identified in contaminated water in remote Indigenous communities include Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Rotavirus 29 .…”

Section: Sdg 6: Water and Sanitationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Water and health interlinkages of the sustainable development goals in remote Indigenous Australia

et al. 2020

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Australia has committed to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) goals under the UN's 2030 Agenda. However, these goals may not be fully achieved in Australia under current policy settings. Australia reports success in achieving the goal for quality and access to safe drinking water and sanitation (SDG 6), though for Australians living in remote Indigenous communities, the experience is very different. Furthermore, the burden of disease is higher in remote communities (SDG 3). Many of these diseases are waterborne or hygiene-related, including prevalence in some remote Indigenous communities of endemic trachoma eye infection, preventable through access to functioning water services and available soap. This research provides a case for identifying, then understanding the interlinkages between SDGs 3, 6, and others locally, as well as nationally. This will enable governments to enact policies for long-term sustainable solutions for remotely-located and marginalised peoples in Australia in line with Agenda 2030 commitments.

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia in feral water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the South East Arnhem Land Indigenous Protected Area, Australia

2020

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Differences in the occurrence and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia (2002 − 2012)

Cited by 22 publications

References 64 publications

Comparison of three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia: 2003, 2007 and 2011

Comparison of three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia: 2003, 2007 and 2011

Water and health interlinkages of the sustainable development goals in remote Indigenous Australia

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in feral water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the South East Arnhem Land Indigenous Protected Area, Australia

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