2000
DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01552.x
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Differences in Wetting Characteristics of Bi2O3 Polymorphs in ZnO Varistor Materials

Abstract: Detailed analysis of the microstructure of grain boundaries, especially triple-grain and multiple-grain junctions, in ZnO varistor materials has been performed using transmission electron microscopy. Different polymorphs of Bi 2 O 3 are shown to exhibit different wetting properties on ZnO interfaces. Recent investigations suggest that the equilibrium configuration consists of crystalline Bi 2 O 3 in the triple-grain and multiple-grain junctions and an amorphous bismuth-rich film in the ZnO/ZnO grain boundaries… Show more

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Cited by 50 publications
(23 citation statements)
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“…The experimental evidence of such prewetting ͑or premelting͒ layers was also found in GBs in the Fe-Si-Zn, [15][16][17] Cu-Bi, 18 and Al-Zn ͑Ref. 19͒ systems and semiconductors such as Y 2 O 3 -doped AlN, 20 La-doped SrTiO 3 , 21 Bi 2 O 3 -doped ZnO, 22,23 and Ca-doped Si 3 N 4 . 24 Wetting and prewetting ͑premelting͒ phase transformations drastically change the GB properties such as diffusivity, [15][16][17][18] mobility, 25 strength, 18 segregation, 18 and conductivity.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 95%
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“…The experimental evidence of such prewetting ͑or premelting͒ layers was also found in GBs in the Fe-Si-Zn, [15][16][17] Cu-Bi, 18 and Al-Zn ͑Ref. 19͒ systems and semiconductors such as Y 2 O 3 -doped AlN, 20 La-doped SrTiO 3 , 21 Bi 2 O 3 -doped ZnO, 22,23 and Ca-doped Si 3 N 4 . 24 Wetting and prewetting ͑premelting͒ phase transformations drastically change the GB properties such as diffusivity, [15][16][17][18] mobility, 25 strength, 18 segregation, 18 and conductivity.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…24 Wetting and prewetting ͑premelting͒ phase transformations drastically change the GB properties such as diffusivity, [15][16][17][18] mobility, 25 strength, 18 segregation, 18 and conductivity. [20][21][22][23][24]26 GB wetting phenomena play an important role for the liquid-phase sintering of metals and ceramics, 27,28 semisolid metal processing, 29 thixotropic casting, 30 and the exploitation of heat-exchanger tubes filled with liquid metal in nuclear plants, 31 etc.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is polycrystalline and multiphase, with each phase having different dopants, dopant concentrations, shapes and sizes. It consists predominantly of zinc oxide grains, secondary phases including spinel and pyroclore, surrounded by a three dimensional network of bismuth rich phases [1,5]. Varistors with inhomogeneous microstructure can cause a large spread in current-voltage characteristics due to high local currents and this leads to the degradation of the varistor during electrical operation [2,[6][7][8].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…oxides, to the ZnO powder [1][2][3]. Among these dopants, Bi 2 O 3 is used as the varistor-former, which is essential for inducing the nonlinearity of the ZnO ceramics [14,15]. Several studies have been done to investigate the role of cobalt oxide on the microstructure development and electrical properties of ZnO varistors [12,[16][17][18].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%