Different dietary protein sources influence growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets

Abstract

The inclusion of high-quality proteins are commonly used in swine production. Our research investigated the effects of hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWP), fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal microbiota and metabolites of weaned piglets. A total of 144 piglets (weaned at 28 d) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 8 piglets per pen. This study included 2 periods: d 0 to14 for phase 1 and d 15 to 28 for phase 2. Dietary treatments contained 15.90% HWP, 15.80% FSBM, and 15.10% ESBM in phase 1, and 7.90% HWP, 7.80% FSBM, and 7.50% ESBM in phase 2, respectively. The ADG of piglets in ESBM was increased ( P < 0.05) compared with HWP and FSBM during d 1–28. Compared with HWP and FSBM, ESBM increased ( P < 0.05) the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and the serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in piglets on d 14, as well as increased ( P < 0.05) the serum FRAP level in piglets on d 28. ESBM decreased ( P < 0.05) serum levels of DAO and IL-1β in piglets compared with HWP on d 28. ESBM enhanced ( P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Oscillospiraceae and Christensenellaceae, as well as reduced the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae in the feces compared with HWP and FSBM. The PICRUSt analysis revealed that the number of gene tags related to degradation of valine, leucine and isoleucine, as well as lysine degradation in ESBM were lower ( P < 0.05) than that in HWP and FSBM. ESBM increased ( P < 0.05) the fecal butyrate level in piglets compared with FSBM, and ESBM tended to decrease ( P = 0.076) the fecal cadaverine level. Overall, ESBM had advantages over HWP and FSBM in improving antioxidant status, immune function, fecal bacteria and metabolites for weaned piglets.

Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation to Newly Weaned Piglets: Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Microbial Fermentation

“…The typical nutritional approach is to formulate diets by utilizing various feed ingredients with highly digestible and palatable ingredients containing functional amino acids, as well as supplemented with additives [3]. A recent report has demonstrated that a highly digestible protein ingredient shows effects against antioxidant and antiinflammation mechanisms, while modulation function is beneficial for gut microbiome [4]. However, the shortage of plant-based protein resources has been the major limiting factor in driving sustainable development in the swine industry, thus, contributing to the search of an alternative feed ingredient.…”

Comparative Efficacy of Fish Meal Replacement With Enzymatically Treated Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Immunity, Oxidative Capacity and Fecal Microbiota in Weaned Pigs

“…Intestinal mucosal barrier function plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal morphology and homeostasis by preventing the invasion of pathogens and other harmful substances ( 27 , 30 , 31 ). Intestinal permeability has been correlated with some serum parameters, such as D-lactate and DAO ( 9 ). Weaning is a stressful event that directly damages intestinal integrity, increased the serum concentrations of D-lactate, DAO and 5-HT compared with suckling treatment, moreover, soy protein antigens glycinin and β-conglycinin can aggravate this weaning stress through increasing even more D-lactate, DAO and 5-HT than that in weaned piglets without soy protein antigens consumption ( 32 ).…”

“…It is speculated that feed digestibility and intestinal homeostasis are modulated concomitantly when dietary protein sources are changed. Previous research which concerned more effect of different plant-based sources on intestinal microbiota showed that piglets fed 15.1 and 7.8% ESBM during two experimental phases had higher fecal alpha diversity compared with pigs fed equal amount of hydrolyzed wheat protein and fermented soybean meal, enhanced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Oscillospiraceae , and Christensenellaceae , and decreased the abundance of Clostridiaceae in the feces of weaned pigs ( 9 ). Another study demonstrated that all of the differently treated SBMs which replacing half of dietary fishmeal increased the fecal Lactobacillus counts, while the Escherichia coli counts were not affected compared with the fish meal treatment ( 13 ).…”

“…Bioprocessing, such as enzymatic treatment, has been proven to be an effective way of eliminating ANFs, while peptides and amino acids from partially or completely degraded proteins are more easily digested and absorbed ( 7 , 8 ). The higher digestibility of enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) could decrease the transfer of undigested protein into the hindgut and reduce the production of potentially toxic products from metabolism ( 9 ). Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that ESBM exhibits beneficial effects on growth performance and improves intestinal morphology and immune status ( 6 , 9 , 10 ).…”

“…The higher digestibility of enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) could decrease the transfer of undigested protein into the hindgut and reduce the production of potentially toxic products from metabolism ( 9 ). Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that ESBM exhibits beneficial effects on growth performance and improves intestinal morphology and immune status ( 6 , 9 , 10 ).…”