Different Facets of Lignocellulosic Biomass Including Pectin and Its Perspectives

Waste-derived biomaterials as building blocks in the biomedical field

“…Pectin occurs plentifully in fruits and vegetables, and is a heteropolysaccharide primarily composed of galacturonic acids and varied amounts of xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose. 78 Fruit and vegetable wastes from food processing industries are a major source of raw materials for pectin production, particularly the peels of citrus fruits and apple pomace. 79 Pectin has several desirable characteristics, which make it suitable for various biomedical applications.…”

Enhancement of saccharification of corn stover by cellulolytic enzyme produced from biomass-degrading bacteria

“…Several enzymes and other accessory enzymes cut off the bonded side groups from the main chain, for example β-xylosidases, and endoxylanases hydrolyse the side group from the primary main structure of substituted xylan (Kocabaş et al 2015). Further cellulolytic enzymes from bacteria can hydrolyze CMC into reducing sugars, and the hydrolytic efficiency is dependent on types of lignocellulosic biomasses (substrates) used (Sadhu and Maiti 2013;Prajapati et al 2018;Shrestha et al 2020). Furthermore, the types and activities of enzymes induced by different biomasses differ greatly (Maki et al 2012).…”

“…Lignocellulosic biomass is used as an inexpensive green renewable resource for producing different value-added products. However, the different components present in lignocellulosic biomasses contribute to the recalcitrant properties of biomasses and are resistant to enzymatic and chemical degradation (Isikgor and Becer 2015;Sun et al 2016;Shrestha et al 2020). Thus, pretreatment is preferred as an essential step in breaking down cell walls and causing the efficient release of fermentable sugars from various lignocellulosic biomass that further can be used for producing other valuable products such as bioethanol (Rajendran et al 2018).…”

“…Enzymatic hydrolysis is the best method for subsequent fermentation because of its high specificity, high yield, and lower formation of undesirable products (Ostadjoo et al 2019;Shrestha et al 2020). Cellulases and xylanases are the important enzymes for the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose contained in the various biomasses (Prajapati et al 2018;Shrestha et al 2020). Hence, the improvement of cellulolytic microorganisms and enhancement of the hydrolytic capacity of cellulases are essential.…”

Recent Advances on Lignocellulosic-Based Nanopesticides for Agricultural Applications

“…Although most of the current nanopesticides or nanocarriers are developed from synthetic (e.g., polymers) building blocks, several systems have been developed using biopolymers as tools for the controlled release system of agrochemicals (Mattos et al, 2017). Lignocellulosic-based nanopesticides are biodegradable and offer an interesting platform to produce safe-by-design nanopesticides as they can be non-toxic (Chamundeeswari et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019;Bhattacharyya et al, 2020;Shrestha et al, 2021;Ur Rahim et al, 2021) (Figure 1). Moreover, lignocellulosic material can be obtained from agriculture side streams, which is ideal to reduce costs during the production of nanopesticides, which are intended to be applied in large scale agricultural operations.…”