Different features of the MHC class I heterodimer have evolved at different rates. Chicken B-F and beta 2-microglobulin sequences reveal invariant surface residues.

Abstract

Chicken beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and class I (B-F19 alpha chain) cDNA clones were isolated and the sequences compared to those of B-F Ag isolated from chicken E. These clones represent the major expressed class I molecules on E, with B-F alpha size variants evidently due to alternative use of small exons in the cytoplasmic region. The cDNA sequences were compared to turkey beta 2m, the apparent allele B-F12 alpha and other vertebrate homologs, using the 2.6 A structure of the human HLA-A2 molecule as a model. Both chicken alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains resemble mammalian classical class I molecules and the MHC-encoded nonclassical molecules more than CD1 or the class I-like FcR. In contrast, the chicken alpha 3 domain is equally homologous to all alpha 3 domains, to beta 2m and to class II beta 2 domains. For each pair of extracellular domains (alpha 1 vs alpha 2, alpha 3 vs beta 2m), the level of sequence homology between mammalian and avian molecules is quite different. This suggests that the structurally homologous domains have been under different selective pressures during evolution. There is a very strong G + C bias in alpha 3 and beta 2m, leading to an overall change in amino acid composition in B-F compared to class I molecules from other taxa. Many of the surface residues are quite diverged, particularly in alpha 3 and beta 2m. There are fewer changes in intra- and interdomain contact sites. Some residues with important functions are invariant, including seven residues that bind the ends of the peptide, two residues that bind CD8, and three residues that are phosphorylated. The positions of the allelic residues are conserved. There are other patches of invariant residues on alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 2m; these might bind TCR or other molecules involved in class I function.

The chicken major histocompatibility complex and disease

“…Using these cDNAs as probes, a single (ß 2 m gene located outside the MHC was found (69). The ß 2 m gene was located by in situ hybridisation on a non-MHC microchromosome (124).…”

“…Multiple chicken class I a cDNAs, one class I a gene and several chicken ß 2 m cDNAs have been described, as well as class I and ß 2 m proteins from erythrocytes (49,69,80,110,124,159). The chicken B-Fct chain gene is organised similarly to mammalian classical class I genes, with an exon encoding the signal sequence, three exons (al, a2 and a3) encoding the extracellular domains, an exon encoding the transmembrane (TM) region and three exons encoding the cytoplasmic tail and 3' UT (untranslated region).…”

Poultry immunogenetics

“…Unlike the MHC in mammals, the MHC in chickens has far smaller introns, and the Class I and II genes are scattered throughout (Guillemot et al, 1988) [16] . A minimum of six Class I genes (Kaufman et al, 1992) [20] and six Class II genes (Zoorob et al, 1993) [51] have been successfully replicated. The Class II /3 genes that are expressed appear to be grouped in a single isotope family (Pharr et al, 1993a;Sung et al, 1993) [34,41] .…”

Cell Surface B2m-Free Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Monomers and Dimers: Are They Neo-HLA Class and Proto-HLA?

“…Structural configuration of HLA-I has been studied in cartilaginous and bony fishes, amphibians, birds, and a variety of mammals, whereas HLA-II structures were studied in lungfish, chicken, mice, and humans (for detailed citations, see Wu et al [ 1 , 199 ]). Comparing the sequences of HCs, Kaufman and co-investigators [ 200 , 201 , 202 ] postulated that B2m-free HC-homodimers would have evolved into class II heterodimers, which would have given rise to ancestral HLA-I and HLA-II. A similar postulation was made by Hashimoto and others [ 203 , 204 , 205 ] on the origin of HLA classes.…”