Different Impacts of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Oxidative Stress

Abstract

The objective of the study was to evaluate oxidative stress (OS) status in subjects with different cardiovascular risk factors. With this in mind, we have studied three models of high cardiovascular risk: hypertension (HT) with and without metabolic syndrome, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) with and without insulin resistance. Oxidative stress markers (oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehide) together with the activity of antioxidant enzyme triad (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and activation of both pro-oxidant enzyme (NAPDH oxidase components) and AGTR1 genes, as well as antioxidant enzyme genes (CuZn-SOD, CAT, GPX1, GSR, GSS and TXN) were measured in mononuclear cells of controls (n = 20) and patients (n = 90) by assessing mRNA levels. Activity of some of these antioxidant enzymes was also tested. An increase in OS and pro-oxidant gene mRNA values was observed in patients compared to controls. The hypertensive group showed not only the highest OS values, but also the highest pro-oxidant activation compared to those observed in the other groups. In addition, in HT a significantly reduced antioxidant activity and mRNA induction of antioxidant genes were found when compared to controls and the other groups. In FH and FCH, the activation of pro-oxidant enzymes was also higher and antioxidant ones lower than in the control group, although it did not reach the values obtained in hypertensives. The thioredoxin system was more activated in patients as compared to controls, and the highest levels were in hypertensives. The increased oxidative status in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors is a consequence of both the activation of pro-oxidant mechanisms and the reduction of the antioxidant ones. The altered response of the main cytoplasmic antioxidant systems largely contributes to OS despite the apparent attempt of the thioredoxin system to control it.

Oxidative damages in erythrocytes of patients with metabolic syndrome

“…In the present study, the decrease in GSH concentration was observed. Substantial decrease in the GSH concentration and the increase in GSSG/GSH ratio in patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, MS, and obesity were reported [37, 38]. Similar changes in plasma from patients with type 2 diabetes were also noticed [39].…”

“…Activities of SOD and CAT were enhanced in obese young men and reduced in older men, and activity of GPx was lower in both groups. Mansengo et al [38] documented lower activities of CAT and GPx in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, while activity of SOD was only reduced in patients with hypertension. Cardona et al [37] noticed the increase in CAT activity and the decrease in GPx activity in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, regardless of MS. Also Cardona et al [41] observed the decrease in GPx activity, but no changes in activities of SOD or CAT in blood from patients with MS were observed when compared to those in the control group.…”

Nutrient Analysis Critical Control Point (NACCP): Hazelnut as a Prototype of Nutrigenomic Study

“…It is a central enzyme of cellular antioxidant defense and reduces glutathione disulfide to the sulfhydryl form, glutathione, which is an important cellular antioxidant. In a recent paper [33] evaluating the oxidative stress (OS) status in subjects with different cardiovascular risk factors, the antioxidant activity of cytoplasmic enzymes was reduced. In our work the transcription levels of GSR were increased after hazelnut consumption (p ≤ 0.05), suggesting a protective role against oxidative stress and atherogenic process.…”

Beneficial Effects of the RESMENA Dietary Pattern on Oxidative Stress in Patients Suffering from Metabolic Syndrome with Hyperglycemia Are Associated to Dietary TAC and Fruit Consumption

“…Among the different metabolic abnormalities encompassing MetS, insulin resistance has been considered a common manifestation of the MetS, which leads to tissue damage and health features, involving cardiovascular diseases (CVD), atherosclerosis and hypertension [3–5]. Moreover, oxidative stress has been investigated as a potential contributor to the etiology of different pathophysiological complications, including MetS and type 2 diabetes [4,6]. Therefore, many scientific efforts are under way to detect, treat and prevent MetS, focusing on lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes and oxidative stress development [7,8].…”