Different in vivo growth of ostreid herpesvirus 1 at 18 °C and 22 °C alters mortality of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Kantzow, Maximilian C. de; Whittington, Richard J.; Hick, Paul

doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04427-2

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This observation is consistent with previous studies that document higher virus copy numbers in tissues from oysters that died relative to those that survived (Burge et al 2020, Dégremont 2011. Exposure of Pacific oysters to µVars typically leads to high losses within 4-8 and up to 10 days (Marion et al 2017, de Kantzow et al 2019. Our data suggests that longer studies that quantify the effects of OsHV-1 µVars on different host taxa are needed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Although intramuscular injection (IM) is not a natural means of infection as it by-passes the mantle as the first line of defense to viral entry, we chose this method to allow for direct addition of equal concentrations of virus to each animal (Hick et al 2018, de Kantzow et al 2019.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies with OsHV-1 µVars have often used injection as the exposure method (e.g. Kirkland et al 2015, de Kantzow et al 2019) in addition to other methods including cohabitation (Azéma et al 2016) and immersion (in either tissue homogenates or contaminated water) (Kirkland et al 2015, Divilov et al 2019; very few studies have compared techniques (Dégremont et al 2015b. Two recent studies in Australia and France compared Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 13 field exposure to IM injection using the same oyster stocks and found similar mortality trends in the field and laboratory when these stocks were challenged with the same virus variant (from the Georges River estuary, NSW, Australia and Marennes-Oléron Bay, Charente Maritime, France, Dégremont et al 2015b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oysters were challenged by intramuscular injection (IM) into the adductor muscle with 10 6 genome copies of OsHV-1 µVar per oyster in 0.22 µm filtered ASW or 0.22 µm filtered ASW for controls (Hick et al 2018, de Kantzow et al 2019. All tanks were aerated and held at 22 o C at the same salinities as experienced during the holding period throughout the study.…”

Section: Experimental Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling concordant and varying responses of oyster species to Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 variants

Friedman

Reece

Wippel

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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The Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and variants, particularly the microvariants (μVars), are virulent and economically devastating viruses impacting oysters. Since 2008 OsHV-1 μVars have emerged rapidly having particularly damaging effects on aquaculture industries in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. We conducted field trials in Tomales Bay (TB), California where a non-μVar strain of OsHV-1 is established and demonstrated differential mortality of naturally exposed seed of three stocks of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and one stock of Kumamoto oyster, C. sikamea. Oysters exposed in the field experienced differential mortality that ranged from 64 to 99% in Pacific oysters (Tasmania>Midori = Willapa stocks), which was much higher than that of Kumamoto oysters (25%). Injection trials were done using French (FRA) and Australian (AUS) μVars with the same oyster stocks as planted in the field and, in addition, two stocks of the Eastern oyster, C. virginica. No mortality was observed in control oysters. One C. virginica stock suffered ~10% mortality when challenged with both μVars tested. Two Pacific oyster stocks suffered 75-90% mortality, while one C. gigas stock had relatively low mortality when challenged with the AUS μVar (~22%) and higher mortality when challenged with the French μVar (~72%). Conversely, C. sikamea suffered lower mortality when challenged with the French μVar (~22%) and higher mortality with the AUS μVar (~44%). All dead oysters had higher viral loads (~1000×) as measured by quantitative PCR relative to those that survived. However, some survivors had high levels of virus, including those from species with lower mortality. Field mortality in TB correlated with laboratory mortality of the FRA μVar (69% correlation) but not with that of the AUS μVar, which also lacked correlation with the FRA μVar. The variation in response to OsHV-1 variant challenges by oyster species and stocks demonstrates the need for empirical assessment of multiple OsHV-1 variants.Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling concordant and varying responses of oyster species to Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 variants

Friedman

Reece

Wippel

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Investigation of the immune pathways activated in oysters by exogenous nucleic acids and other PAMPs is required to differentiate the mechanisms of the protective effect afforded by the different treatments. Water temperature may also interact with and alter the response to immune stimulation in C. gigas and needs further evaluation [ 43 , 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Priming of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to Induce Resistance to Ostreid herpesvirus 1: Comparison of Infectious and Inactivated OsHV-1 with Poly I:C

de Kantzow,

Hick,

Whittington

2023

Viruses

Self Cite

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Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), which is caused by Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), causes economic losses in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture in many countries. Reducing the mortality in disease outbreaks requires changing the host, pathogen and environment interactions to favor the host. Survivors of natural exposure to OsHV-1 are able to survive subsequent outbreaks. This has been replicated under laboratory conditions, suggesting the existence of an immune response. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of prior exposure to infectious OsHV-1, heat-inactivated OsHV-1 and the chemical anti-viral immune stimulant poly I:C on mortality following exposure to virulent OsHV-1. All treatments were administered by intramuscular injection. Oysters were maintained at 18 °C for 14 days; then, the temperature was increased to 22 °C and the oysters were challenged with virulent OsHV-1. Heat-inactivated OsHV-1, infectious OsHV-1 and poly I:C all induced significant protection against mortality, with the hazard of death being 0.41, 0.18 and 0.02, respectively, compared to the controls, which had no immune priming. The replication of OsHV-1 on first exposure was not required to induce a protective response. While the underlying mechanisms for protection remain to be elucidated, conditioning for resistance to POMS by prior exposure to inactivated or infectious OsHV-1 may have practical applications in oyster farming but requires further development to optimize the dose and delivery mechanism and evaluate the duration of protection.

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Aquatic pathogens and biofouling: pilot study of ostreid herpesvirus 1 translocation by bivalves

et al. 2021

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Different in vivo growth of ostreid herpesvirus 1 at 18 °C and 22 °C alters mortality of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Unraveling concordant and varying responses of oyster species to Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 variants

Unraveling concordant and varying responses of oyster species to Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 variants

Immune Priming of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to Induce Resistance to Ostreid herpesvirus 1: Comparison of Infectious and Inactivated OsHV-1 with Poly I:C

Aquatic pathogens and biofouling: pilot study of ostreid herpesvirus 1 translocation by bivalves

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