Different levels of resistance to cyprodinil and iprodione and lack of fludioxonil resistance in Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from pistachio, grape, and pomegranate fields in California

Avenot, Hervé F.; Quattrini, Joel; Puckett, Ryan D; Michailides, Themis J.

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2018.06.005

Cited by 38 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…B. cinerea isolates HR to fludioxonil in the field had been reported from different provinces in China including Shandong and Sichuan, but very few HR isolates were found [ 16 , 39 ]. This is likely because the strains with high levels of resistance are hypersensitive to osmotic stress, and they usually display reduced pathogenicity to hosts, making them much less competitive than those sensitive ones in the field [ 28 , 42 , 43 ]. The appearance of B. cinerea isolates HR to fludioxonil is worrying, and a deeper analysis concerning the resistance mechanisms is urgently required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For cyprodinil sensitivity, the GKMN medium was used, and the discriminatory concentration of cyprodinil in the medium was set to 10 µg/mL [ 28 ]. Fresh mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) were taken from the growing edge of three-day-old B. cinerea colonies on the PDA and transferred to the fungicide-amended plates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After incubation at 17 °C in the dark for three days, the measurements were taken, and the inhibition efficiency of cyprodinil to each isolate was calculated by comparing the colony diameters of isolate on the fungicide- and DMSO-amended plates. The isolates that could grow more than 50% under 10 µg/mL of cyprodinil compared with those in DMSO were designated to be cyprodinil-resistant; otherwise, they were considered cyprodinil-sensitive [ 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the Field Fludioxonil Resistance and Its Molecular Basis in Botrytis cinerea from Shanghai Province in China

et al. 2021

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Botrytis cinerea is a destructive necrotrophic pathogen that can infect many plant species. The control of gray mold mainly relies on the application of fungicides, and the fungicide fludioxonil is widely used in China. However, the field fungicide resistance of B. cinerea to this compound is largely unknown. In this study, B. cinerea isolates were collected from different districts of Shanghai province in 2015–2017, and their sensitivity to fludioxonil was determined. A total of 65 out of 187 field isolates (34.76%) were found to be resistant to fludioxonil, with 36 (19.25%) showing high resistance and 29 (15.51%) showing moderate resistance. Most of these resistant isolates also showed resistance to iprodione, and some developed resistance to fungicides of other modes of action. AtrB gene expression, an indicator of MDR1 and MDR1h phenotypes, was not dramatically increased in the tested resistant isolates. Biological characteristics and osmotic sensitivity investigations showed that the fitness of resistant isolates was lower than that of sensitive ones. To investigate the molecular resistance mechanisms of B. cinerea to fludioxonil, the Bos1 amino acid sequences were compared between resistant and sensitive isolates. Resistant isolates revealed either no amino acid variations or the mutations I365S, I365N, Q369P/N373S, and N373S.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the Field Fludioxonil Resistance and Its Molecular Basis in Botrytis cinerea from Shanghai Province in China

et al. 2021

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“…Resistance to single site fungicides was first reported in Germany in the 1970s after heavy use of dicarboximides and benzimidazoles (Dekker 1976). To date, populations resistant to the single site MOA anilinopyrimidines (AP), hydroxyanilides, phenylpyroles (PP), succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) classes, have been found in grapevines in most grape growing countries (Avenot et al 2018;Baroffio et al 2003;Beresford et al 2017;Campia et al 2017;De Miccolis Angelini et al 2014;Latorre and Torres 2012;Leroch et al 2011;Leroux et al 1999;Mosbach et al 2017;Sang et al 2018;Walker et al 2013). Resistance to these fungicides has been linked to target site modifications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungicide resistance characterised across seven modes of action inBotrytis cinereaisolated from Australian vineyards

Harper

Paton²,

Hall

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is an economically important disease of grapes in Australia and across grape growing regions worldwide. Control of this disease relies heavily on canopy management and the application of single site fungicides. Fungicide application can lead to the selection of fungicide resistant B. cinerea populations, which has an adverse effect on the chemical control of the disease. Characterising the distribution and severity of resistant B. cinerea populations is needed to inform resistance management strategies. In this study, 725 isolates were sampled from 75 Australian vineyards during 2013 – 2016 and were screened against seven fungicides with different MOAs. The resistance frequencies for azoxystrobin, boscalid, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole were 5, 2.8, 2.1, 6.2, 11.6, 7.7 and 2.9% respectively. Nearly half of the resistant isolates (43.7%) were resistant to more than one of the fungicides tested. The frequency of vineyards with at least one isolate simultaneously resistant to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fungicides was 19.5, 7.8, 6.5, 10.4 and 2.6%. Resistance was associated with previously published genotypes in CytB (G143A), SdhB (H272R/Y), Erg27 (F412S), Mrr1 (D354Y), Bos1 (I365S, N373S + Q369P, I365S + D757N) and Pos5 (P319A, L412F). Expression analysis was used to characterise fludioxonil resistant isolates exhibiting overexpression (6.3 - 9.6-fold) of the ABC transporter encoded by AtrB (MDR1 phenotype). Novel genotypes were also described in CytB (S611N, D616G) and CytB (P357S). Resistance frequencies were lower when compared to most previously published surveys of both grape and non-grape B. cinerea resistance. Nonetheless, continued monitoring of critical chemical groups used in Australian vineyards is recommended.

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“…BcNoxA and BcNoxB catalytic subunits are responsible for pathogenicity and the formation of spores, which provide a favorable environment to fungal sclerotic to survive under adverse environmental conditions [ 25 ]. Various isolates of B. cinerea may possess low, moderate, or high levels of resistance to iprodione [ 26 ]. Mostly field isolates possess moderate to low level resistance, whereas laboratory mutants have high level resistance [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytological and Gene Profile Expression Analysis Reveals Modification in Metabolic Pathways and Catalytic Activities Induce Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Against Iprodione Isolated From Tomato

Maqsood

Ahmar

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Grey mold is one of the most serious and catastrophic diseases, causing significant yield losses in fruits and vegetables worldwide. Iprodione is a broad spectrum agrochemical used as a foliar application as well as a seed protectant against many fungal and nematode diseases of fruits and vegetables from the last thirty years. The extensive use of agrochemicals produces resistance in plant pathogens and is the most devastating issue in food and agriculture. However, the molecular mechanism (whole transcriptomic analysis) of a resistant mutant of B. cinerea against iprodione is still unknown. In the present study, mycelial growth, sporulation, virulence, osmotic potential, cell membrane permeability, enzymatic activity, and whole transcriptomic analysis of UV (ultraviolet) mutagenic mutant and its wild type were performed to compare the fitness. The EC50 (half maximal effective concentration that inhibits the growth of mycelium) value of iprodione for 112 isolates of B. cinerea ranged from 0.07 to 0.87 µg/mL with an average (0.47 µg/mL) collected from tomato field of Guangxi Province China. Results also revealed that, among iprodione sensitive strains, only B67 strain induced two mutants, M0 and M1 after UV application. The EC50 of these induced mutants were 1025.74 μg/mL and 674.48 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to its wild type 1.12 μg/mL. Furthermore, mutant M0 showed higher mycelial growth sclerotia formation, virulence, and enzymatic activity than wild type W0 and M1 on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The bctubA gene in the mutant M0 replaced TTC and GAT codon at position 593 and 599 by TTA and GAA, resulting in replacement of phenyl alanine into leucine (transversion C/A) and aspartic acid into glutamic acid (transversion T/C) respectively. In contrast, in bctubB gene, GAT codon at position 646 is replaced by AAT and aspartic acid converted into asparagine (transition G/A). RNA sequencing of the mutant and its wild type was performed without (M0, W0) and with iprodione treatment (M-ipro, W-ipro). The differential gene expression (DEG) identified 720 unigenes in mutant M-ipro than W-ipro after iprodione treatment (FDR ≤ 0.05 and log2FC ≥ 1). Seven DEGs were randomly selected for quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to validate the RNA sequencing genes expression (log fold 2 value). The gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway functional analyses indicated that DEG’s mainly associated with lysophopholipase, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, catalytic activity, multifunctional genes (MFO), glutathione-S transferase (GST), drug sensitivity, and cytochrome P450 related genes are upregulated in mutant type (M0, M-ipro) as compared to its wild type (W0, W-ipro), may be related to induce resistant in mutants of B. cinerea against iprodione.

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Different levels of resistance to cyprodinil and iprodione and lack of fludioxonil resistance in Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from pistachio, grape, and pomegranate fields in California

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

Characterization of the Field Fludioxonil Resistance and Its Molecular Basis in Botrytis cinerea from Shanghai Province in China

Characterization of the Field Fludioxonil Resistance and Its Molecular Basis in Botrytis cinerea from Shanghai Province in China

Fungicide resistance characterised across seven modes of action inBotrytis cinereaisolated from Australian vineyards

Cytological and Gene Profile Expression Analysis Reveals Modification in Metabolic Pathways and Catalytic Activities Induce Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Against Iprodione Isolated From Tomato

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