“…Streams are organised hierarchically in the landscape, within which environmental factors operate at a range of spatial scales (Frissell, Liss, Warren, & Hurley, ; Leps, Tonkin, Dahm, Haase, & Sundermann, ; Mykrä, Heino, & Muotka, ), directly or indirectly affecting the structure and composition of biological assemblages (Macedo et al., ; Sandin & Johnson, ; Townsend, Dolédec, Norris, Peacock, & Arbuckle, ). Therefore, assessing spatial patterns is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the drivers that determine the structural and functional diversity of stream assemblages (Heino, Muotka, & Paavola, ; Hoeinghaus, Winemiller, & Birnbaum, ; Liu et al., ; Macedo et al., ; Sandin & Johnson, ).…”