Different Stimuli Reduce Attraction to Pollinators in Male and Female Figs in the Dioecious Fig <i>Ficus hispida</i>

Hu, Hao‐Yuan; Jiang, Zhi‐Yun; Niu, Li‐Ming; Fu, Yanlong; Peng, Zhengqiang; Huang, Dawei

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00536.x

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Most fruits grow on fruit branches, and can be kept away from pollinators using specially made securing nylon bags during fig receptivity. Pollinators can be collected from mature male fruits in mesh‐lidded pots just before wasp emergence (Hu et al , 2009, 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1994) showed that when figs reach temperatures higher than 8°C above the ambient temperature in full sunlight, pollinators inside figs would be killed. Warm water has been used to kill pollinators inside figs (Hu et al ., 2009). In this article, warm water (36–40°C), 8°C above ambient temperature, was injected into a plastic bag (≈ 2 L), and the figs were put into the bag to kill pollinators in situ .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi adjusts the offspring sex ratio to other foundresses

Chen

Jiang

et al. 2012

Insect Science

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Local mate competition theory predicts that offspring sex ratio in pollinating fig wasps is female-biased when there is only one foundress, and increased foundress density results in increased offspring sex ratio. Information of other foundresses and clutch size have been suggested to be the main proximate explanations for sex ratio adjustment under local mate competition. Our focus was to show the mechanism of sex ratio adjustment in a pollinating fig wasp, Ceratosolen solmsi Mayr, an obligate pollinator of the functionally dioecious fig, Ficus hispida Linn., with controlled experiments in the field. First, we obtained offspring from one pollinator and offspring at different oviposition sequences, and found that offspring sex ratio decreased with clutch size, and pollinators produced most of their male offspring at the start of bouts, followed by mostly females. Second, we found that offspring sex ratio increased with foundress density, and pollinators did adjust their offspring sex ratio to other females in the oviposition patches. We suggest that when oviposition sites are not limited, pollinators will mainly adjust their offspring sex ratio to other foundresses independent of clutch size changes, whereas adjusting clutch size may be used to adjust sex ratio when oviposition sites are limited.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi adjusts the offspring sex ratio to other foundresses

Chen

Jiang

et al. 2012

Insect Science

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“…Most syconia are found on fruit branches, and can be kept away from pollinators using specially made secure nylon bags during receptivity. Pollinators can be collected from mature male syconia and placed in mesh‐lidded pots just before wasp emergence (Hu et al , 2009).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If any of the three pollinators tried to enter, the syconium was considered to be still receptive. If all three wasps spent more than 10 min not trying to enter, the syconium was considered to have lost its attraction to pollinators (Hu et al , 2009).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Short‐lived (usually 1–3 days after emergence) female pollinators fly several kilometres to find the receptive syconia, following chemical signals that the syconia release. After entering through the ostiole (the only opening of fig inflorescences), pollinators oviposit and pollinate inside, and syconia subsequently close after becoming less attractive to pollinators (Hu et al , 2009). Pollinator larvae develop within the ovules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Permeability of receptive fig fruits and its effects on the re‐emergence behaviour of pollinators

Niu

et al. 2010

Ecological Entomology

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1. Figs and pollinating fig wasps provide a model system for studying mutualism. The permeability of the syconium changes during receptivity or between seasons, which may affect the behaviour of pollinators. Fig fruits are permeable during receptivity, and in some species, pollinators can enter and re-emerge after oviposition/pollination. We studied the relationship between fig permeability and pollinator re-emergence behaviour with a functional dioecious fig, Ficus hispida and the obligate pollinator Ceratosolen solmsi marchali. 2. The relationship reflects the interaction of figs and pollinators in the mutualism and also the conflicts of interests between the two partners: figs benefit from the enclosed fig fruits which have low permeability, but pollinators benefit from their re-emergence behaviour, which requires high fig permeability.3. The results showed that at the end of receptivity, the permeability of fig fruits lowered rapidly with changes to the ostiole structures, and re-emergence rate was low, with more re-emerging pollinators trapped in the ostiolar bracts. Our results also showed that in the rainy season, the length of receptivity was shorter and fig permeability was lower. The re-emergence rates were also lower than those in the dry season. The results elucidated that figs' interests dominated in the conflicts between fig and pollinating wasp.4. Based on a new criteria which employed the classification of pollinators found dead in the ostiolar bracts and which involved a survey of 6 monoecious and 12 dioecious fig species, we found that re-emergence behaviour was prevalent among fig species, and was more prevalent in functional dioecious figs than monoecious ones.

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Differential deployment of sanctioning mechanisms by male and female host trees in a gynodioecious fig–wasp mutualism

Zhang

Dunn

Wen

et al. 2019

Ecology

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In some insect nursery pollination mutualisms, plant hosts impose net costs to uncooperative “cheater” symbionts. These “sanctions” promote mutualism stability but their precise adaptive nature remains unclear. In fig–wasp mutualisms host trees (Ficus spp.) are only pollinated by female agaonid wasps whose larvae only use galled fig flowers as food. In actively pollinated systems, if wasps fail to pollinate, sanctions can result via fig abortion, killing all wasp offspring, or by increased offspring mortality within un‐aborted figs. These sanctions result from selective investment to pollinated inflorescences, a mechanism present in almost all angiosperms. To more fully understand how selective investment functions as sanctions requires the measurement of variation in their costs and benefits to both hosts and symbionts. Gynodioecious fig‐tree–fig‐wasp mutualisms are particularly suitable for this because pollen and wasps are produced only in the figs of “male” trees and seeds only in the figs of “female” trees. Male and female trees thus incur different net costs of pollen absence, and costs of sanctions to pollen‐free “cheater” wasps only occur in male trees. We used the actively pollinated host tree Ficus hispida and introduced into male and female figs either 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 all pollen‐laden “cooperative” (P+) or all pollen‐free “cheater” (P−) wasps. Abortion in both male and female trees was highest in P− figs, with P− fig abortion higher in females (~90%) than in males (~40%). Fig abortion was negatively associated with foundress number mainly in P+ figs; in P− figs abortion was only weakly associated with the number of “cheater” wasps, especially in female figs. In un‐aborted male figs, wasp offspring mortality was higher in P− figs than in P+ figs, and in P− figs correlated positively with foundress (cheater) number. Increased offspring mortality was biased against female wasp offspring and likely resulted from reduced larval nutrition in unpollinated flowers. Variation in selective investment to P− figs thus reflects costs and benefits of pollen absence/presence to hosts, variation that translates directly to net costs to cheater wasps.

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Different Stimuli Reduce Attraction to Pollinators in Male and Female Figs in the Dioecious Fig Ficus hispida

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

Pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi adjusts the offspring sex ratio to other foundresses

Pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi adjusts the offspring sex ratio to other foundresses

Permeability of receptive fig fruits and its effects on the re‐emergence behaviour of pollinators

Differential deployment of sanctioning mechanisms by male and female host trees in a gynodioecious fig–wasp mutualism

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