Different Types of Chronic Inflammation Engender Distinctive Immunosenescent Profiles in Affected Patients

Abstract

Immunosenescence encompasses a spectrum of lymphocyte phenotypic alterations. The aim of the study was to evaluate immunosenescent effect of two different forms of chronic inflammation, Systemic Lupus Erythematosous (SLE), a systemic autoimmune disease, and End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), a chronic inflammatory disorder. Certain lymphocyte surface molecules, including CD31, CD45RA, CCR7, CD28, CD57, for T, and IgD, CD27 for B lymphocytes, were analyzed by flow cytometry in 30 SLE and 53 ESKD patients on hemodialysis (HD), and results were compared to 31 healthy controls (HC) of similar age, gender, and nationality. Significant Lymphopenia was evident in both SLE and ESKD-HD patients, compared to HC, affecting B cells 75.4 (14.4–520.8), 97 (32–341), and 214 (84–576) cells/μL, respectively, p < 0.0001, and CD4 cells 651.2 (71.1–1478.2), 713 (234–1509), and 986 (344–1591) cells/μL, respectively, p < 0.0001. The allocation of B cell subpopulations was remarkably different between SLE and ESKD-HD patients. SLE showed a clear shift to senescence (CD19IgD-CD27−) cells, compared to ESKD-HD and HC, 11.75 (10)% vs. 8 (6) vs. 8.1 (10), respectively. Regarding T lymphocytes, Central Memory CD8 cells predominated in both SLE and ESKD-HD patients compared to HC, 53 (50)%, 52 (63), and 24 (64)%, respectively, while ESKD-HD but not SLE patients also had increased expression of CD4CD28− and CD8CD28− cells. In conclusion, both diseases are followed by significant lymphopenia; however, the senescent phenomenon affects the B lymphocyte compartment in SLE patients and T lymphocytes in ESKD-HD patients.

Increase in Double Negative B Lymphocytes in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Remission and Their Correlation with Early Differentiated T Lymphocyte Subpopulations

“…The present study was performed in an attempt to estimate a possible correlation between T cell immunity and DN B lymphocytes in patients with SLE. DN B cells consist of a certain subpopulation, which is significantly increased in the elderly but also in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including SLE [ 7 , 11 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Their origin, function, and differential status is still unclear, as they carry characteristics of both naïve, switched memory, and immune-exhausted cells [ 6 , 7 ].…”

“…We have previously described the significant elevation, up to threefold, of DN B cells in SLE patients compared to healthy controls [ 11 ]. Here, we describe a close association of this subtype with certain, less differentiated CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte subpopulations, namely CD4CD31+, CD4CD45RA+CD28+, CD4CD45RA+CD57-, CD4CD45RA-CD57-, CD4CD28+CD57-, CD4CD28+CD57+, CD8CD31+, naïve CD8, CD8CD45RA+CD28+, CD8CD45RA-CD57-, CD8CD28+CD57-, CD8CD28+CD57+, and also CM CD4 cells.…”

“…Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by the increased expression of DN2 B cells, probably as a result of a hyperresponsiveness to Toll-like receptor-7 signaling [ 9 ]. Recent studies have shown that DN2 B cells were mainly increased in active SLE and in the presence of lupus nephritis, and they were positively correlated with anti-RNA, anti-Sm, and anti-RNP autoantibodies [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. We have previously described the predominance of DN B cells in SLE patients, even compared to patients on hemodialysis, selected as a representative group of patients with senescent adaptive immunity [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Morphea, Eosinophilic Fasciitis and Cancer: A Scoping Review

“…However, besides the development of SCC in chronic scars (i.e., Marjolin’s ulcer), whether skin cancer predominantly affects fibrotic skin in morphea patients’ needs further research. Hence, it is plausible that the most severe forms of morphea are particularly at risk of cancer [ 41 ]. While additional data are needed to address the risk of cancer in morphea/EF patients, we believe that a total body skin examination is warranted to monitor for skin cancer development during the long-term follow-up of morphea patients, particularly with more severe phenotypes.…”

New Trends in Pathology: From Cell Morphology to Molecular Medicine

“…Chronic inflammation was also the main topic studied by Moysidou et al, who exploited flow cytometry techniques to provide interesting insights into immunosenescent profiles caused by two different chronic inflammatory diseases, i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) [8]. A significant lymphopenia was observed in both SLE and ESKD patients on haemodialysis, compared to healthy controls.…”