Different Views on Markup

Abstract

A bstract In this chapter, two different ways of grouping information represented in document markup are examined: annotation levels, referring to conceptual levels of description, and annotation layers, referring to the technical realisation of markup using e.g. document grammars. In many current XML annotation projects, multiple levels are integrated into one layer, often leading to the problem of having to deal with overlapping hierarchies. As a solution, we propose a framework for XML-based multiple, independent XML annotation layers for one text, based on an abstract representation of XML documents with logical predicates. Two realisations of the abstract representation are presented, a Prolog fact base format together with an application architecture, and a specification for XML native databases. We conclude with a discussion of projects that have currently adopted this framework.

Multilinguality and LLOD: A survey across linguistic description levels

“…A predominant theory that guides the annotation scheme for discourse structure is the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), while discourse relations rely on Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB). The OLiA discourse extensions build on earlier ontologies for discourse phenomena such as SemDok [8], an ontology of discourse relations used in a natural language generation system, and the Discourse Community of Practice Extensions [107] of the GOLD ontology [89], as well as on other efforts to standardize discourse annotation schemas that originally used XML or domain-specific formats to model their taxonomies [32,127]. The work on discourse annotation schemas stimulated the initiative on researching speaker attitude detection relaying on attitudinal discourse marker identification in the multilingual data.…”