Different Waters for Different Performances: Can We Imagine Sport-Related Natural Mineral Spring Waters?

Presta, Valentina; Ambrosini, Luca; Carubbi, Cecilia; Masselli, Elena; Mirandola, Prisco; Arcari, Maria Luisa; Gobbi, Giuliana; Vitale, Marco

doi:10.3390/w13020166

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…In general, SWs are indicated as a beneficial option for primary and secondary prevention and as part of the non-acute treatment of several respiratory conditions (e.g., chronic rhinitis, pharyngitis/laryngitis, chronic bronchitis, COPD) [ 10 ] with negligible side effects [ 10 , 57 , 58 ]. The beneficial effects of SWs reside in their ability to modulate inflammatory and immune responses, down-regulating the pro-inflammatory state [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits TMPRSS2 in Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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The COVID-19 pandemic has now affected around 190 million people worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million confirmed deaths. Besides ongoing global vaccination, finding protective and therapeutic strategies is an urgent clinical need. SARS-CoV-2 mostly infects the host organism via the respiratory system, requiring angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to enter target cells. Therefore, these surface proteins are considered potential druggable targets. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter produced by several cell types and is also part of natural compounds, such as sulfurous waters that are often inhaled as low-intensity therapy and prevention in different respiratory conditions. H2S is a potent biological mediator, with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and, as more recently shown, also anti-viral activities. Considering that respiratory epithelial cells can be directly exposed to H2S by inhalation, here we tested the in vitro effects of H2S-donors on TMPRSS2 and ACE2 expression in human upper and lower airway epithelial cells. We showed that H2S significantly reduces the expression of TMPRSS2 without modifying ACE2 expression both in respiratory cell lines and primary human upper and lower airway epithelial cells. Results suggest that inhalational exposure of respiratory epithelial cells to natural H2S sources may hinder SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells and, consequently, potentially prevent the virus from spreading into the lower respiratory tract and the lung.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits TMPRSS2 in Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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“…This mechanism is followed by a reduction in the mean arterial pressure and cardiac volume (i.e., ventricular filling and stroke), and an increase in heart rate. Therefore, it is recommended to drink frequently throughout a triathlon race to minimize the elevation of temperature [ 29 ]. In fact, several physiological impairments in multiple systems, organs, and tissues are associated with dehydration and hyperthermia status [ 36 ].…”

Section: Physiological Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, concurrent factors can be responsible for the modification in the plasma volume, such as the hydration status, posture, exercise intensity, and water/ body temperature. Indeed, with maximal and submaximal endurance performance, the increase in the internal temperature and the dehydration compromise muscle aerobic metabolism [13,15,17,29,36]. Moreover, hyperthermia and dehydration lead to a reduction in stroke volume and a consequent increase in heart rate (i.e., cardiovascular drift), necessary to maintain the cardiac output [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Hemodynamic and Biochemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, with maximal and submaximal endurance performance, the increase in the internal temperature and the dehydration compromise muscle aerobic metabolism [13,15,17,29,36]. Moreover, hyperthermia and dehydration lead to a reduction in stroke volume and a consequent increase in heart rate (i.e., cardiovascular drift), necessary to maintain the cardiac output [29][30][31][32]. The observed increase in temperature during swimming can affect plasma volume and, consequently, other cardiovascular parameters (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and stroke volume) [33].…”

Section: Hemodynamic and Biochemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interlink Between Physiological and Biomechanical Changes in the Swim-to-Cycle Transition in Triathlon Events: A Narrative Review

et al. 2022

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Triathlon is a multisport composed of swim, cycle, and run segments and two transition periods. The swim-to-cycle transition is considered a critical period for the change in body position and the modifications in physiological (heart rate, VO2, lactate) and biomechanical parameters (cycling power and cadence, swimming stroke rate). Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence regarding the physiological and biomechanical changes and their interlink during the swim-to-cycle transition hinting at practical recommendations for coaches and athletes. The influence of the swim segment on cycle one is more evident for short-distance events. Greater modifications occur in athletes of lower level. The modulation of intensity during the swim segment affects the changes in the physiological parameters (heart rate, blood lactate, core temperature), with a concomitant influence on cycling gross efficiency. However, gross efficiency could be preserved by wearing a wetsuit or by swimming in a drafting position. A higher swim leg frequency during the last meters of the segment induces a higher cadence during the cycle segment. Training should be directed to the maintenance of a swimming intensity around 80–90% of a previous maximal swim test and with the use of a positive pacing strategy. When athletes are intended to train consecutively only swim and cycle segments, for an optimal muscle activation during cycling, triathletes could adopt a lower cadence (about 60–70% of their typical cadence), although an optimal pedaling cadence depends on the level and type of athlete. Future research should be focused on the combined measurements of physiological and biomechanical parameters using an intervention study design to evaluate training adaptations on swim kick rate and their effects on cycling performance. Coaches and athletes could benefit from the understanding of the physiological and biomechanical changes occurring during the swim-to-cycle transition to optimize the overall triathlon performance.

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“…Sports drinks are beverages used before, during, and after physical exercises to replace water, electrolytes, and carbohydrates lost during exercise ( 22 , 23 ) in order to keep hydration and delay fatigue ( 24 ). They can be hypertonic containing a higher concentration of sugar and salt than those which are found in the human body, isotonic containing similar concentrations of sugar and salt as in the human body, or hypotonic containing lower concentrations of sugar and salt than those in the human body ( 23 , 25 ).…”

Section: Isotonic Beveragementioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Grape Juice to Develop New Isotonic Drinks With Antioxidant Capacity and Interesting Sensory Properties

et al. 2022

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Nowadays, the sector of isotonic beverages has developed its market based on fruit juices that provide a sports drink with antioxidant and biological activities in addition to their principal role of rehydration and replacement of minerals and carbohydrates during physical exercise. Consumption of grape juice is increasing worldwide because of its sensory characteristics and nutritional value. It contains mainly water, sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds play a major role in prevention of various diseases through their biological activities linked to antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticancer, anti-aging, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties. Several studies have demonstrated that grape juice is able to improve performances of antioxidant activity, protect against oxidative damage, and reduce inflammation during sports activities. Polyphenol content also provides a great sensory profile, mainly color which is an important indicator for consumers when choosing beverage products. The contribution of grape juice through its nutritional value and sensory properties makes it an alternative for the development of a new isotonic drink that will be a novel and healthy product in the field of healthy beverages.

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Different Waters for Different Performances: Can We Imagine Sport-Related Natural Mineral Spring Waters?

Cited by 10 publications

References 79 publications

Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits TMPRSS2 in Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits TMPRSS2 in Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Interlink Between Physiological and Biomechanical Changes in the Swim-to-Cycle Transition in Triathlon Events: A Narrative Review

Contribution of Grape Juice to Develop New Isotonic Drinks With Antioxidant Capacity and Interesting Sensory Properties

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