Differential Associations Between Perceived and Objective Measurement of Distress Tolerance in Relation to Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence and Response Among HIV-Positive Individuals

Examining Associations Between Cognitive-Affective Vulnerability and HIV Symptom Severity, Perceived Barriers to Treatment Adherence, and Viral Load Among HIV-Positive Adults

“…The lack of observed significant relations between DT and HIV symptom severity and barriers to ART adherence were somewhat surprising given previous reports of relations between DT and medication adherence, and HIV symptoms [35,36]. Several explanations may be relevant.…”

“…Alternatively, the method of measurement of DT may have contributed to this null finding [28]. Given the observed differential relations between objective and subjective measures of DT among individuals with HIV [36], it is possible that including a multimethod assessment of DT in the present investigation would have provided more nuanced findings in terms of the importance of DT in the measured outcomes. Further, recent factor analytic work suggests that a higher order DT construct may be indexed by items from the anxiety sensitivity index and the distress tolerance scale [51], providing additional evidence for their overlap.…”

“…In addition, low DT independently predicted greater HIVrelated symptoms and use of substances in order to cope [35]. A recent multimethod study of DT among individuals with HIV found that lower self-reported DT was associated with lower objectively measured medication adherence (i.e., pill count), while lower behavioral distress tolerance (mirror tracing) was found to be associated with greater likelihood of detectable viral load [36]. Related, Brandt et al [37] found that lower levels of DT were significantly associated with depression, social anxiety, and panic symptoms among HIV+ individuals, above and beyond other demographic and HIVspecific characteristics.…”

Behavioral Competencies and Low Alcohol and Drugs Use Predicts Medication - Adherence Behaviors Among HIV+ Persons from Venezuela

“…Because substances use were measured with an index that puts emphasis on his use in the lapse of the last 30 days, these behaviors must be understood as a variable of contextual nature, interacting with other of accumulative nature and continually modifiable, e.g., behavioral competencies and motives. Thus, from a psychological perspective it is necessary to consider in the analysis the factors of the psychological history -e.g., personality, motives and past behavioral competencies -and those of the present context, to predict and understand why HIV+ persons consistently and efficiently practicing or not medication-adherence behaviors [29][30][31].…”

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BackgroundThe success of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV+ persons strongly rely on individual factors, including the patient's personality characteristics [1,2], a good motivation and a set of knowledge, skills and abilities related to both the disease and treatment [3], the concurrence of adaptative emotional states [4], and a low alcohol and drugs use [5,6]. Despite convergent body of evidence has confirmed the role of individual factors on medication-adherence behaviors in Latin America countries and the Caribbean region, such as Argentina [7], Chile [8], Peru [9] and the Dominican Republic [10], little progress has been made in countries like Venezuela.

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