Differential cellular and humoral immune responses in immunocompromised individuals following multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations

Meredith, Rhys T.; Bermingham, Max D; Bentley, Kirsten; Agah, Sayeh; Aboagye-Odei, Abigail; Yarham, Ross A.R.; Mills, Hayley; Shaikh, Muddassir; Hoye, Neil Alexander; Stanton, Richard J.; Chadwick, David; Oliver, M.A.

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1207313

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In addition, the weak response of immunocompromised individuals to the Omicron variant ( 27 ) also highlights the heterogeneity in the antibody response within individuals with compromised immune function. This heterogeneity may lead to insufficient protection against COVID-19 disease even after vaccination ( 17 ). This weaker antibody response to the virus post-vaccination can potentially increase their risk of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, studies have also shown that individuals with AIDS, can achieve similar NAb positivity rates similar to HIVnegative populations with inactivated vaccinations, although their overall response is weaker ( 16 ). However, the heterogeneity of immune dysfunction in these individuals implies that some may display variable, weak, or diminished vaccine-induced immune responses ( 17 ). Thus, it remains crucial to evaluate the impact of vaccination on NAb levels in AIDS patients is crucial for clinical practice insights.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A community study of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China

Lv,

Huang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundThe immune background of the overall population before and after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in China remains unexplored. And the level of neutralizing antibodies is a reliable indicator of individual immunity.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the immune levels of different population groups during a viral outbreak and identify the factors influencing these levels.MethodsWe measured the levels of neutralizing antibodies in 12,137 participants using the COVID19 Neutralizing Antibody Detection kit. The dynamics of neutralizing antibodies were analyzed using a generalized additive model, while a generalized linear model and multi-factor analysis of variance were employed to investigate the influencing factors. Additionally, statistical methods were used to compare neutralizing antibody levels among subgroups of the real-world population.ResultsParticipants who received booster doses exhibited significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies compared to those who received only one or two doses (p<0.001). Both elderly [22.55 (5.12, 62.03) IU/mL, 55%] and minors [21.41 (8.15, 45.06) IU/mL, 56%] showed lower positivity rates and neutralizing antibody levels compared to young adults [29.30 (9.82, 188.08) IU/mL, 62%] (p<0.001). Furthermore, the HIV-positive group demonstrated a slightly lower seropositivity rate compared to the healthy group across the three vaccination time points. Notably, three months after the large-scale infection, both the neutralizing antibody level and positivity rate in real-world populations were higher than the previous record [300 (300, 300) IU/mL, 89%; 27.10 (8.77, 139.28) IU/mL, 60%], and this difference was statistically significant.ConclusionsIncreasing vaccine dosage enhances neutralizing antibody levels, resulting in greater and longer-lasting immunity. Monitoring immune levels in older individuals and those with AIDS is crucial. Additionally, the neutralizing antibodies generated from vaccination have not yet reached the threshold for achieving herd immunity, while individuals exhibit higher immune levels following a large-scale infection. These findings provide valuable insights for guiding new strategies in vaccine administration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A community study of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China

Lv,

Huang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Whole blood cytokine release assays reveal disparity between capillary blood sampling methods

Meredith,

Yarham,

Mills

et al. 2023

Clinical Biochemistry

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Uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in individuals at clinical risk due to immunosuppressive drug therapy or transplantation procedures: a population-based cohort study in England

Chen,

Copland,

Hirst

et al. 2024

BMC Med

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Background Immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, underscoring the importance of COVID-19 vaccination in this population. The lack of comprehensive real-world data on vaccine uptake, effectiveness and safety in these individuals presents a critical knowledge gap, highlighting the urgency to better understand and address the unique challenges faced by immunocompromised individuals in the context of COVID-19 vaccination. Methods We analysed data from 12,274,946 people in the UK aged > 12 years from 01/12/2020 to 11/04/2022. Of these, 583,541 (4.8%) were immunocompromised due to immunosuppressive drugs, organ transplants, dialysis or chemotherapy. We undertook a cohort analysis to determine COVID-19 vaccine uptake, nested case–control analyses adjusted for comorbidities and sociodemographic characteristics to determine effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 hospitalisation, ICU admission and death, and a self-controlled case series assessing vaccine safety for pre-specified adverse events of interest. Results Overall, 93.7% of immunocompromised individuals received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose, with 80.4% having received three or more doses. Uptake reduced with increasing deprivation (hazard ratio [HR] 0.78 [95%CI 0.77–0.79] in the most deprived quintile compared to the least deprived quintile for the first dose). Estimated vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation 2–6 weeks after the second and third doses compared to unvaccinated was 78% (95%CI 72–83) and 91% (95%CI 88–93) in the immunocompromised population, versus 85% (95%CI 83–86) and 86% (95%CI 85–89), respectively, for the general population. Results showed COVID-19 vaccines were protective against intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death in both populations, with effectiveness of over 92% against COVID-19-related death and up to 95% in reducing ICU admissions for both populations following the third dose. COVID-19 vaccines were generally safe for immunocompromised individuals, though specific doses of ChAdOx1, mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 raised risks of specific cardiovascular/neurological conditions. Conclusions COVID-19 vaccine uptake is high in immunocompromised individuals on immunosuppressive drug therapy or who have undergone transplantation procedures, with documented disparities by deprivation. Findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccines are protective against severe COVID-19 outcomes in this vulnerable population, and show a similar safety profile in immunocompromised individuals and the general population, despite some increased risk of adverse events. These results underscore the importance of ongoing vaccination prioritisation for this clinically at-risk population to maximise protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes.

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Differential cellular and humoral immune responses in immunocompromised individuals following multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations

Cited by 5 publications

References 61 publications

A community study of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China

A community study of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China

Whole blood cytokine release assays reveal disparity between capillary blood sampling methods

Uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in individuals at clinical risk due to immunosuppressive drug therapy or transplantation procedures: a population-based cohort study in England

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