Differential conditioning of alpha amplitude: A fresh look at an old phenomenon

Harris, Jillene

doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.02.003

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…2). This Expectancy may be reflected in the contingent negative variation, an ERP which is later than the P300, and reflects the learned association between the US and the CS+ that produces fear (Wong et al, 1994; Harris, 2005; Wessa and Flor, 2007). The contingent negative variation is associated with a decrease in alpha power so that the present increase in magnitude of alpha ERD seems to be inconsistent with Expectancy but not Salience or Valence (Grunewald-Zuberbier et al, 1978; Filipovic et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oscillatory EEG activity induced by conditioning stimuli during fear conditioning reflects Salience and Valence of these stimuli more than Expectancy

et al. 2017

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Imaging studies have described hemodynamic activity during fear conditioning protocols with stimulus trains in which a visual conditioned stimulus (CS+) is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US, painful laser pulse) while another visual stimulus is unpaired (CS−). We now test the hypothesis that CS Event-Related Spectral Perturbations (ERSPs) are related to ratings of CS Expectancy (likelihood of pairing with the US), Valence (unpleasantness) and Salience (ability to capture attention). ERSP windows in EEG were defined by both time after the CS and frequency, and showed increased oscillatory power (Event Related Synchronization, ERS) in the delta/theta Windows (0–8 Hz) and the gamma Window (30–55 Hz). Decreased oscillatory power (Event Related Desynchronization – ERD) was found in alpha (8–14 Hz) and beta Windows (14–30 Hz). The delta/theta ERS showed a differential effect of CS+ versus CS− at Prefrontal, Frontal and Midline Channels, while alpha and beta ERD were greater at Parietal and Occipital Channels early in the stimulus train. The gamma ERS Window increased from Habituation to Acquisition over a broad area from Frontal and occipital electrodes. The CS Valence and Salience were greater for CS+ than CS−, and were correlated with each other and with the ERD at overlapping Channels, particularly in the alpha Window. Expectancy and CS Skin Conductance Response were greater for CS+ than CS− and were correlated with ERSP at fewer Channels than Valence or Salience. These results suggest that alpha ERSP activity during fear conditioning reflects Valence and Salience of the CSs more than conditioning per se. The CS Valence and Salience were correlated with each other and with ERSP in the alpha Window more commonly than in other windows. Delta/theta ERSP differentiates between CS+ and CS− over a Midline Channel at which ERSP is correlated with Expectancy ratings. Although, both Expectancy and CS Skin Conductance Response (SCR) were correlated with ERSP this correlation occurred at fewer and different Channels than those for Valence or Salience. These results suggest that ERSP activity is related to Valence and Salience of the CSs more than to conditioning per se.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oscillatory EEG activity induced by conditioning stimuli during fear conditioning reflects Salience and Valence of these stimuli more than Expectancy

et al. 2017

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“…According to Harris (2003), ''prediction'', ''expectancy'' and ''motor preparation'' are manifested with changes of alpha activity. State dependency is an important factor in understanding the mechanisms through which brain stimulation modulates neural activity and behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event related desynchronization: use as a neurophysiologic marker is restricted

Başar

Gölbaşı

2014

Cogn Neurodyn

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The present research aims to show that the occurrence of alpha blocking or event-related desynchronization (ERD) strongly depends on the amplitude and also on the phase angle of alpha activity at the stimulus onset. Simple visual stimulation was presented to 17 healthy subjects during EEG recording. An O 2 electrode was used for analysis with a 32 channel EEG sampling system. We used a segmentation of raw data in order to obtain the evoked potential. Prestimulus and poststimulus activities were filtered in the alpha (8-13 Hz) frequency band. Later, four different events (blocked, time-locked, phase-locked, and eliminated) were separately averaged. Phase-locked sweeps were determined by application of inter-trial coherence analysis. The evaluation of the data shows that ''time-locked and phase-locked sweeps'' were the dominating pattern and not ''the blocked pattern'', which occurred only when the prestimulus alpha was high. In the analyses of EEG-EP sweeps, only 22 % of epochs showed (ERD). The ANOVA revealed significant differences between four different alpha responses (F(3,48) = 11.175; p \ 0.001). Furthermore, alpha oscillations in time-locked responses were significantly higher than blocked (p \ 0.0001). The analyses clearly demonstrate that important precaution is needed when using the ERD as a cognitive or pathological marker.

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“…Magneto‐ and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) studies, capitalizing on the excellent temporal resolution of MEG/EEG, have provided intriguing evidence for the involvement of oscillatory activity in preparatory attention. In the context of spatial attention, several studies have found evidence for retinotopically specific alpha‐band (7.5–12.5 Hz) activity modulations during the prestimulus period: the power of activity in the alpha band is increased over occipital sensors contralateral to the to‐be‐ignored location and decreased over occipital sensors contralateral to the to‐be‐attended location . Alpha activity increases may reflect the suppression of irrelevant and potentially distracting information, reducing excitability and gating the transmission of information to further processing stages .…”

Section: Neural Evidence For Preparatory Activity In the Visual Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparatory attention in visual cortex

Battistoni

Stein

Peelen

2017

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Top-down attention is the mechanism that allows us to selectively process goal-relevant aspects of a scene while ignoring irrelevant aspects. A large body of research has characterized the effects of attention on neural activity evoked by a visual stimulus. However, attention also includes a preparatory phase before stimulus onset in which the attended dimension is internally represented. Here, we review neurophysiological, functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies investigating the neural basis of preparatory attention, both when attention is directed to a location in space and when it is directed to nonspatial stimulus attributes (content-based attention) ranging from low-level features to object categories. Results show that both spatial and content-based attention lead to increased baseline activity in neural populations that selectively code for the attended attribute. TMS studies provide evidence that this preparatory activity is causally related to subsequent attentional selection and behavioral performance. Attention thus acts by preactivating selective neurons in the visual cortex before stimulus onset. This appears to be a general mechanism that can operate on multiple levels of representation. We discuss the functional relevance of this mechanism, its limitations, and its relation to working memory, imagery, and expectation. We conclude by outlining open questions and future directions.

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Differential conditioning of alpha amplitude: A fresh look at an old phenomenon

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Oscillatory EEG activity induced by conditioning stimuli during fear conditioning reflects Salience and Valence of these stimuli more than Expectancy

Oscillatory EEG activity induced by conditioning stimuli during fear conditioning reflects Salience and Valence of these stimuli more than Expectancy

Event related desynchronization: use as a neurophysiologic marker is restricted

Preparatory attention in visual cortex

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