Objective. Macrophages release cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor ␣ (TNF␣), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6, which modulate the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Macrophage release of these cytokines can be modulated by estrogen. Fc␥ receptor type IIIA (CD16a) is a receptor expressed on macrophages that selectively binds IgG molecules, an important rheumatoid factor in RA. Binding of CD16 by anti-CD16 monoclonal antibodies stimulates macrophage cytokine release. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that decreased concentrations of estrogen (17-estradiol) directly cause an increase in CD16 expression, resulting in increased release of proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes and/or macrophages upon receptor binding.Methods. THP-1 cells and female human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with no 17-estradiol, physiologic levels (1 ؋ 10 ؊8 M) of 17-estradiol, or 1 ؋ 10 ؊8 M 17-estradiol followed by withdrawal of 17-estradiol. Surface expression of CD16 and CD16 messenger RNA was measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cytokine release from 17-estradiol-treated or untreated monocytes was then quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and FACS after crosslinking the receptor with anti-CD16 antibodies.Results. CD16 transcript significantly increased in macrophage-like THP-1 cells and in primary, peripheral blood macrophages in the absence of 17-estradiol, and the observed increase in message was dependent on transcription. CD16 receptor levels on CD14؉, transforming growth factor -treated primary monocytes also increased in cells deprived of 17-estradiol. Analysis of the cytokines released showed that CD16 crosslinking stimulated significant increases in TNF␣, IL-1, and IL-6 due to the absence of estrogen.Conclusion. Estrogen can modulate proinflammatory cytokine release from activated monocytes and/or macrophages, in part through modulation of CD16 expression.