Differential effects of assisted cycling therapy on short-term and working memory of adolescents with Down syndrome

Holzapfel, Simon D.; Ringenbach, Shannon; Mulvey, Genna M.; Sandoval-Menendez, Amber M.; Birchfield, Natasha; Tahiliani, Shreja R.

doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1205592

Cited by 8 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…A 12-week exercise program improved episodic memory in human studies, including people with DS [ 62 ]. These studies documented improvements in executive function assessments such as inhibition [ 63 , 64 ], attention shifting [ 65 ], response time [ 66 , 67 ], and semantic fluency [ 68 , 69 ]. However, there are differences in effect sizes and findings between these studies [ 52 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome and Their Association with Brain Changes: A Narrative Review

2022

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Several recent epidemiological studies attempted to identify risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Age, family history, genetic factors (APOE genotype, trisomy 21), physical activity, and a low level of schooling are significant risk factors. In this review, we summarize the known psychosocial risk factors for the development of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with Down syndrome and their association with neuroanatomical changes in the brains of people with Down syndrome. We completed a comprehensive review of the literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science about psychosocial risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease, for Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome, and Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome and their association with neuroanatomical changes in the brains of people with Down syndrome. Alzheimer’s disease causes early pathological changes in individuals with Down syndrome, especially in the hippocampus and corpus callosum. People with Down syndrome living with dementia showed reduced volumes of brain areas affected by Alzheimer’s disease as the hippocampus and corpus callosum in association with cognitive decline. These changes occur with increasing age, and the presence or absence of psychosocial risk factors impacts the degree of cognitive function. Correlating Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in Down syndrome and cognitive function scores while considering the effect of psychosocial risk factors helps us identify the mechanisms leading to Alzheimer’s disease at an early age. Also, this approach enables us to create more sensitive and relevant clinical, memory, and reasoning assessments for people with Down syndrome.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome and Their Association with Brain Changes: A Narrative Review

2022

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“…Other studies have also found ACT to be more effective than VC in regard to the motor control of persons with PD [7, 23, 38, 39] or persons with DS [8, 9, 11, 36, 37]. It should be noted that heart rates do not differ between ACT and VC regardless of study, including this one.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…The pedals were specialized platform pedals with metal cuppings and Velcro straps that prevented the feet from slipping off the pedals in any direction. For a thorough description of the bike, see Ringenbach et al [36, 37]…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We aimed for the target ACT cadence to be 1.8 times greater than the average warm-up cadence as previous research with persons with DS (Down syndrome) has shown that an ACT cadence which is 80% greater than the voluntary cadence may be beneficial for motor perfrmance and cognitive function [11, 36, 37]. However, the minimum target cadence was 80 rpm because an assisted cadence of at least 80 rpm has been shown to be beneficial for clinical, motor, and cognitive function of persons with PD [7, 23, 38, 39] and persons with DS [8, 9, 11, 36, 37]. The only previous study of ACT in single participant with stroke utilized a cadence of 80 rpm which was gradually reached after 12 sessions and a starting cadence of 70 rpm [13].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Effects of Assisted Cycling Therapy on Post-Stroke Motor Function: A Pilot Study

Holzapfel

Bosch

Lee

et al. 2019

Rehabilitation Research and Practice

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Background. Stroke is the most common cause of long-term disability in the United States (US). Assisted Cycling Therapy (ACT) at cadences of about 80 rpm has been associated with improvements in motor and clinical function in other clinical populations. The acute effects of ACT on motor function of persons with stroke have not been investigated. Objectives. The primary purpose of this cross-over trial was to compare the effects of ACT, voluntary cycling (VC), and no cycling (NC) on upper (Box and Blocks Test) and lower extremity motor function (Lower Extremity Motor Coordination Test) in adults with chronic stroke (age: 60 ± 16 years; months since stroke: 96 ± 85). The secondary purpose was to examine average cycling cadence and ratings of perceived exertion as predictors of change in motor function following the exercise session. Methods. Twenty-two participants (female = 6, male = 16) completed one 20-min session each of ACT (mean cadence = 79.5 rpm, VC (mean cadence = 51.5 rpm), and NC on separate days in quasi-counterbalanced fashion). Results. Main effects of intervention did not differ between ACT and VC. Within-intervention analyses revealed significant (p < 0.05) pre- to posttest changes in all outcome measures for ACT but only in the Lower Extremity Motor Coordination Test on the non-paretic side for VC. Trend analyses revealed a positive relationship between average ACT cadences and improvements in upper and lower extremity motor function (p < 0.05). A positive relationship between average VC cadences and lower extremity function was also revealed (p < 0.05). Conclusion. ACT and VC produced similar acute improvements in paretic and non-paretic lower extremity motor function whereas changes in upper extremity motor function were more limited. Faster cycling cadences seem to be associated with greater acute effects.

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“…In human studies involving people with Down syndrome, episodic memory improvement has been associated with participation in a 12-week exercise programme [ 36 ]. Improvements have also been reported in post-intervention measures of executive function including inhibition [ 37 , 38 ], attention shifting [ 39 ], reaction time [ 40 , 41 ] and semantic fluency [ 42 , 43 ], although effect size and results vary between studies. This may be related to variations in the intensity, type and consistency of PA involved, as well as the study design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Physical Activity and CAMDEX-DS Changes Prior to the Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease in Down Syndrome

Pape

Baksh

Startin

et al. 2021

JCM

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Background: People with Down syndrome are at ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer’s dementia. At present, there are no preventative or curative treatments. Evidence from sporadic Alzheimer’s disease literature suggests that lifestyle factors including physical activity may help maintain cognitive and functional skills and reduce dementia risk. Our study aimed to explore the association between regular exercise undertaken by participants with Down syndrome and changes in dementia-related domains of cognition and function. This was to consider whether physical activity may be a protective measure to delay cognitive decline and dementia in Down syndrome. Methods: Demographic, lifestyle, and health information was collected at baseline and at a two year follow up from 214 adults with Down syndrome without dementia, who also underwent assessment using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS) and genetic analysis. Logistic regression models were used to examine the potential associations between decline in CAMDEX-DS domains and exercise whilst controlling for key variables. Results: At baseline, engaging in moderate intensity exercise was associated with a 47% reduced risk of everyday skills decline and engaging in high intensity exercise was associated with a 62% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. At follow-up, high levels of exercise were associated with an 87% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. Moderate intensity exercise at baseline was associated with a 62% reduction in risk of decline during the follow-up period in memory and orientation. Discussion: Based on our data it appears that regular moderate and high intensity exercise could reduce the risk of clinically detectable decline in a Down syndrome population with possible long-term benefits. People with Down syndrome may engage in less physical activity than their peers, and barriers remain which can prevent people with Down syndrome engaging in exercise. Our work highlights how important it is that people with Down syndrome are supported to be physically active, and to promote exercise as part of a healthy ageing plan. Clinical trials in this area would be justified to determine if engaging in exercise can lead to realistic improvements in maintaining functioning and delaying dementia onset in Down syndrome and to help develop guidance in this area.

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Differential effects of assisted cycling therapy on short-term and working memory of adolescents with Down syndrome

Cited by 8 publications

References 102 publications

Psychosocial Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome and Their Association with Brain Changes: A Narrative Review

Psychosocial Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome and Their Association with Brain Changes: A Narrative Review

Acute Effects of Assisted Cycling Therapy on Post-Stroke Motor Function: A Pilot Study

The Association between Physical Activity and CAMDEX-DS Changes Prior to the Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease in Down Syndrome

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