Differential effects of chow and purified diet on the consumption of sucrose solution and lard and the development of obesity

Apolzan, John W.; Harris, Ruth B. S.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.023

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The difference in body weight is why controls groups are necessary for every experiment. It should be noted that the previous study (Apolzan & Harris, 2012) and in the present study no differences in lean body mass were shown. The lack of a body weight response suggests it is critical to measure body composition to determine if body fat differences are present.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…In experiments 2 & 3 the body weights were not different between the groups. Also, in the original paper examining the choice model, there were no difference in body weight or body weight gain between the choice and chow groups over 21 days (Apolzan & Harris, 2012). However, in Harris and Apolzan (Harris & Apolzan, 2012) choice were heavier than chow rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study, rats consuming the choice diet increased energy intake by about 50% and body fat by 133% in 3 weeks (Apolzan & Harris, 2011). Serum leptin was doubled in choice compared to chow rats, but the rats were not tested for leptin resistance (Apolzan & Harris, 2011). Thus in studies described here animals fed the choice diet were tested for the time of onset of leptin resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Rapid onset and reversal of peripheral and central leptin resistance in rats offered chow, sucrose solution, and lard

Apolzan

Harris

2013

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We previously reported that rats offered choice diet (chow, 30% sucrose solution, lard) increase body fat by 130% within 3 weeks. We tested the effects of choice diet on the development of leptin resistance in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg leptin inhibited 14 h food intake and weight gain of all rats after 2 days and 4 days of diet. On day 8, choice rats were leptin insensitive and by day 16 they were resistant. Chow rats remained leptin responsive. A second study showed that on day 16 choice, but not chow rats, were centrally leptin resistant (1.5 μg leptin, 3rd ventricle). In both studies, rats were switched back to chow only after approximately 3 weeks on choice diet and were leptin responsive after 4 days. A third study showed that carcass fat was reduced by 30% 4 days after switching back to chow. A final experiment showed that leptin responsive chow rats, but not leptin resistant choice rats, increased energy expenditure by 12% during the 2.6 h after a central leptin injection. Thus, choice diet rapidly induces leptin resistance, but leptin responsiveness is quickly restored when choice is replaced with chow. This rapid onset and reversal of leptin resistance may be associated with changes in either substrate metabolism or adiposity.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Rapid onset and reversal of peripheral and central leptin resistance in rats offered chow, sucrose solution, and lard

Apolzan

Harris

2013

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“…Previous studies have shown that rats offered choice diet rapidly become obese and glucose intolerant (4,35,36). The objective of the first study described here was to determine whether glucose intolerance, obesity, and leptin resistance developed faster in rats offered choice diet than in those fed a composite HFD and whether this was associated with consumption of lard or of sucrose solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Changes in glucose tolerance and leptin responsiveness of rats offered a choice of lard, sucrose, and chow

Harris

Apolzan

2012

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Harris RB, Apolzan JW. Changes in glucose tolerance and leptin responsiveness of rats offered a choice of lard, sucrose, and chow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R1327-R1339, 2012. First published April 11, 2012 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00477.2011.-Rats offered chow, lard, and 30% sucrose solution (choice) rapidly become obese. We tested metabolic disturbances in rats offered choice, chowϩlard, or chowϩ30% sucrose solution [chowϩliquid sucrose (LS)] and compared them with rats fed a composite 60% kcal fat, 7% sucrose diet [high-fat diet (HFD)], or a 10% kcal fat, 35% sucrose diet [low-fat diet (LFD)]. Choice rats had the highest energy intake, but HFD rats gained the most weight. After 23 days carcass fat was the same for choice, HFD, chowϩlard, and chowϩLS groups. Glucose clearance was the same for all groups during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) on day 12, but fasting insulin was increased in choice, LFD fed, and chowϩLS rats. By contrast, only choice and chowϩLS rats were resistant to an intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg leptin/kg on day 17. In experiment 2 choice rats were insulin insensitive during an intraperitoneal GTT, but this was corrected in an oral GTT due to GLP-1 release. UCP-1 protein was increased in brown fat and inguinal white fat in choice rats, and this was associated with a significant increase in energy expenditure of choice rats during the dark period whether expenditure was expressed on a per animal or a metabolic body size basis. The increase in expenditure obviously was not great enough to prevent development of obesity. Further studies are required to determine the mechanistic basis of the rapid onset of leptin resistance in choice rats and how consumption of sucrose solution drives this process. dietary sucrose; leptin resistance; UCP-1; energy expenditure DIET-INDUCED OBESITY is a commonly used rodent model that may be induced in a variety of ways including offering the animals a composite high-fat diet (HFD) (18), a cafeteria diet (68), or sucrose or fructose solution in addition to dry food (5, 31). A recent review by Panchal and Brown (46) concludes that rats fed high-fat, high-carbohydrate diets provide the best rodent model of human metabolic syndrome due to the development of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular abnormalities. Hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin resistance is evident within 4 wk (12, 63), but it may take months for additional aspects of the metabolic syndrome to develop in mice (42, 47) and rats (48). We and others have demonstrated that rats offered lard and sucrose solution in addition to chow (choice) overeat and rapidly gain body fat (3,36). This increase in adiposity has been associated with the development of glucose intolerance (35), disruption of central anorexigenic and orexigenic neuropeptide expression (36), and a suppression of the hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress (49). The adverse metabolic changes appear to occur more rapidly in choice rats than has...

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“…Purified diet, however, is kept constant, and is therefore usually preferred. There have been reports that feeding experimental animals laboratory chow versus a purified diet can yield markedly different results4243. For this reason, we compared db/+ and WT mice fed a standard chow diet in addition to the purified diet used in Study 1, to determine if this would unmask the GDM phenotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of a gestational diabetes phenotype in the LepRdb/+ mouse is independent of control strain, diet, misty allele, or parity

Plows

Broadhurst

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Treatment options for gestational diabetes (GDM) are limited. In order to better understand mechanisms and improve treatments, appropriate animal models of GDM are crucial. Heterozygous db mice (db/+) present with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and increased weight gain during, but not prior to, pregnancy. This makes them an ideal model for GDM. However, several recent studies have reported an absence of GDM phenotype in their colony. We investigated several hypotheses for why the phenotype may be absent, with the aim of re-establishing it and preventing further resources being wasted on an ineffective model. Experiments were carried out across two laboratories in two countries (New Zealand and China), and were designed to assess type of control strain, diet, presence of the misty allele, and parity as potential contributors to the lost phenotype. While hyperleptinemia and pre-pregnancy weight gain were present in all db/+mice across the four studies, we found no consistent evidence of glucose intolerance or insulin resistance during pregnancy. In conclusion, we were unable to acquire the GDM phenotype in any of our experiments, and we recommend researchers do not use the db/+ mouse as a model of GDM unless they are certain the phenotype remains in their colony.

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Differential effects of chow and purified diet on the consumption of sucrose solution and lard and the development of obesity

Cited by 32 publications

References 24 publications

Rapid onset and reversal of peripheral and central leptin resistance in rats offered chow, sucrose solution, and lard

Rapid onset and reversal of peripheral and central leptin resistance in rats offered chow, sucrose solution, and lard

Changes in glucose tolerance and leptin responsiveness of rats offered a choice of lard, sucrose, and chow

Absence of a gestational diabetes phenotype in the LepRdb/+ mouse is independent of control strain, diet, misty allele, or parity

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