Differential effects of dopaminergic neurotoxins on DNA cleavage

Salsolinol: an Unintelligible and Double-Faced Molecule—Lessons Learned from In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

“… Kang ( 2012 ) 0-1000 μM alone or in presence of Cu or Fe plasmid DNA pBR322 or calf thymus DNA SAL in the presence of divalent copper induced strand scission and damage in both plasmid and genomic DNA. Tharakan et al ( 2012 ) 0.01–1 μM 250–300 μm coronal slices of rat midbrain SAL excited VTA-dopamine neurons indirectly by activating μ-opioid receptors, which inhibited GABA neurons in the VTA. Xie et al ( 2012 ) 200–250 μm coronal slices of rat midbrain SAL via the activation of presynaptic D1receptors and facilitation of glutaminergic transmission contributed to SAL-induced excitation of pVTA DA neurons.…”

Catechol Tetrahydroisoquinolines Enhance a-Synuclein Aggregation and Specify the Neurotoxicity to Dopaminergic Neurons

“…Their nitrogen methylation and oxidation products are the structure analogs of MPTP and MPP + . All of them have been proposed as endogenous neurotoxin candidates, which are intensively investigated both in vitro and in vivo experiments and they perform severe toxicity on cellular and animal models of PD [8,9,38].…”

“…Since exogenous neurotoxin, 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), was discovered to induce PD-like syndrome in peoples, neurotoxins have been paid more attention and extensively investigated. In recent years, endogenous neurotoxins, CTIQs, were considered as the risk factors potentially involved in the pathogenesis of PD [8,9]. Unlike exogenous neurotoxins, CTIQs is a group of products which could be synthesized in the brain of human based on the condensation of DA and some certain aldehydes.…”

An Overview of Endogenous Catechol-Isoquinolines and Their Related Enzymes: Possible Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease

“…These CTIQs can be metabolized via N-methylation to N-methyl-TIQs and oxidation to cytotoxic MPP + -like neurotoxins. MPP methyl-4-phenylpyridinium CIQs catechol isoquinolines; NorSal norsalsolinol or 6,7-dihydroxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; NMNorSal N-methylnorsalsolinol or 2methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; MeDHIQ + 2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion; Sal salsolinol or 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; NMSal N-methylsalsolinol or 1(R),2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; DiMeD-HIQ + 1,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion; ADTIQ 1-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; NMADTIQ N-methyl ADTIQ or 1-acetyl-2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; MeAcDHIQ + 1-acetyl-2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion [Sal]) derivatives were first found in the urine and brain of PD patients who were treated by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) [11,12] and have the most significant toxicity on cell and animal models [13][14][15]. With the confirmation of synthesis and metabolism of CIQs, more attention were paid to the role of Sal derivatives in the pathogenesis of PD as promising candidates of critical endogenous neurotoxin.…”