“…Out of the 26 studies identified, 14 focus on fostering WTC via in-class learning. The studies cover areas such as employing certain teaching techniques to lessen learners' anxiety or communication apprehension (Farahani & Abdollahi, 2018;Jamalifar & Salehi, 2017;Kamdideh & Barjesteh, 2019;Mesgarshahr & Abdollahzadeh, 2014;Montazeri & Salimi, 2019;Tavakoli & Zarrinabadi, 2018), encouraging use of the target language (Lin, 2017;Marzban & Mahmoudvand, 2013;Shamsudin, Othman, Jahedi, & Aralas, 2017), promoting autonomy among learners (Matsuoka, Matsumoto, Poole, & Matsuoka, 2014;Uztosun, Skinner, & Cadorath 2018) and rising learners' awareness about their future goals (Al-Murtadha 2019; Munezane, 2015;Zarrinabadi, Ketabi, & Tavakoli, 2017). Some studies suggest that anxiety negatively affects learners' WTC (Peng & Woodrow, 2010;Zarrinabadi, 2014) and it is one of the strongest predictors of WTC (Zarrinabadi, 2014).…”