Differential Effects of Insulin on Choline Acetyltransferase and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Activities in Neuron‐Rich Striatal Cultures

Brass, Barry; Nonner, Doris; Barrett, John N.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09387.x

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Cognitive function in hypertension has been found to be impaired in some 14 but not in all 5 ' 6 previous clinical studies. This population-based study confirmed that cognitive function is disturbed in elderly hypertensive subjects.…”

Section: I Normotentives I H Hypertens/normoins I B Hypertens/hyperinsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…9 Although the association between essential hypertension and impaired cognitive function has previously been reported, 14 no studies have directly dealt with cognitive function in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic hypertensive subjects. Thus, the main result of the present study indicating that hyperinsulinemia identifies a subgroup of hypertensive subjects with a particularly poor cognitive function is a novel finding.…”

Section: I Normotentives I H Hypertens/normoins I B Hypertens/hyperinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the role of hypertension in cognitive function is not clear. Some previous studies 14 but not all 5 ' 6 have implied that neuropsychological performance is impaired in hypertension. Moreover, the only population-based studies on the topic have not verified the association between hypertension and impaired cognitive function.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Second, it is also known that insulin is found in the brain, 12 - 13 where it acts as a neuromodulator inhibiting synaptic activity. 12 In a recent study, 14 insulin reversibly reduced choline acetyltransRcceived October 13,1992; accepted in revised form June 25, 1993.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Insulin is also transported across the blood-brain barrier via specific receptors to enter neural tissue directly or is taken up into neural tissue from cerebrospinal fluid. 12 In recent studies, insulin has also been found to reversibly reduce cholinergic activity of striatal neuron cultures 14 and to accelerate turnover of monoamines in the brain. 1517 It is also known that cholinergic neurons are destroyed in Alzheimer's disease, leading to dementia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Essential hypertension and cognitive function. The role of hyperinsulinemia.

et al. 1993

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The relation between hypertension and cognitive function is not well established. Therefore, we examined cognitive function in a random sample of 744 nondiabetic elderly inhabitants of Kuopio, East Finland. Five brief neuropsychological tests known to be sensitive to cognitive impairment due to dementia -the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Buschke Selective Reminding Test (BSR), Russell's Adaptation of the Visual Reproduction Test (HVR), and the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) -were used to evaluate cognitive function. The performance of the hypertensive group (n=378) was impaired in almost all test items compared with that of the normotensive group (n=366), but the difference between these two groups was statistically significant in 5 of 19 test items only. Moreover, within the hypertensive group, hyperinsulinemic (fasting plasma insulin > 17.9 mU/L) hypertensive subjects (n=57) scored worse than normoinsulinemic hypertensive subjects (n=321) in 16 of 19 test items and worse than the normotensive subjects in the same 16 of 19 test items. The difference between the hyperinsulinemic hypertensive and normotensive groups was significant in 11 test items that reflected complex cognitive function such as calculation, language, semantic memory, and problem solving. This difference in neuropsychological tests among the three study groups (normotensive, normoinsulinemic hypertensive, and hyperinsulinemic hypertensive subjects) persisted after adjustment for fasting plasma glucose, age, sex, and education in 3 test items measuring calculation, copying, and semantic memory. Thus, essential hypertension in the elderly is associated with an impairment in complex cognitive function. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemia seems to identify a subgroup of hypertensive subjects with a particularly poor performance in neuropsychological tests requiring complex cognition such as semantic memory, problem solving, and abstraction. (Hypertension. 1993^22:771-779.) KEY WORDS • hypertension, essential • cognition • neuropsychological tests • hyperinsulinemiaH ypertension is known to be associated with an increased risk for cerebrovascular disease, including vascular dementia. However, the role of hypertension in cognitive function is not clear. Some previous studies 14 but not all 5 ' 6 have implied that neuropsychological performance is impaired in hypertension. Moreover, the only population-based studies on the topic have not verified the association between hypertension and impaired cognitive function.

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Section: I Normotentives I H Hypertens/normoins I B Hypertens/hyperinsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: I Normotentives I H Hypertens/normoins I B Hypertens/hyperinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 91%