“…For example, the response contingency of drug exposure robustly influences gene expression (Jacobs et al, 2002(Jacobs et al, , 2003(Jacobs et al, , 2005, neural activation (Chang et al, 1994;Peoples and West, 1996;Stuber et al, 2005), and resultant extracellular neurochemistry (Di Ciano et al, 1996;Hemby et al, 1997;Jacobs et al, 2003;Lecca et al, 2007;Orejarena et al, 2009;You et al, 2007). With specific regard to nicotine, differential effects of volitional SA vs forced drug administration have been observed on a 4 b 2 nAChR expression (Metaxas et al, 2010), cortical glutamatergic projection activity and plasticity mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (McFarland et al, 2003;You et al, 2007), and plasma corticosterone levels (Donny et al, 2000). Because nAChR, glutamate (GLU), and glucocorticoid signaling robustly influence eCB production (Di et al, 2003(Di et al, , 2005Hill et al, 2010a, c), self-administered nicotine may produce distinct effects from forced nicotine exposure on brain eCB signaling.…”