Differential evolution and the influencing factors of low-maturity terrestrial shale with different types of kerogen: A case study of a Jurassic shale from the northern margin of Qaidam Basin，China

Zhang, Yunpeng; Li, Yuhong; Guo, Wang; Li, Yonghong; Dang, Hongliang

doi:10.1016/j.coal.2020.103591

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Moreover, the nonporous OM in the Longmaxi shale in South China corresponds to relatively heavy conversion products (micrinite) of oil-prone kerogen macerals considering their thermal degradation process . In addition, the previous study observed that the surfaces of vitrinite are always nonporous …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…44 In addition, the previous study observed that the surfaces of vitrinite are always nonporous. 50 Considering the above, the pore-filling OM grains and the fracture-filling OM strips are interpreted to have formed from increments of viscous flow of oil (solid bitumen/ pyrobitumen from high to over mature stages) into the original pore network. 43 Furthermore, the particulate autochthonous OM grains are solid products with no migration 28,53 after the partial conversion of kerogen into oil and gas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2 , 14 , 18 , 20 , 21 The SEM observations of porous secondary OM grains/strips and nonporous autochthonous OM grains in the non-extracted FY2/FY3 shale samples were similar to the reports on the Woodford and Longmaxi shale. 1 , 16 , 44 , 50 OM pores in the siliceous shales are heterogeneously distributed within OMs, as some OM grains contain numerous pores and others not so much. 51 Many scholars have noticed that it is more likely related to the OM composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pore Structure of Organic Matter in the Lacustrine Shale from High to Over Mature Stages: An Approach of Artificial Thermal Simulation

2022

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The pore structure of organic matter (OM) is affected by the maturity and type of OM, and these exert an important control on the development of OM pores. However, it is often challenging to distinguish between autochthonous and secondary OM. In this study, different types of OM were distinguished by means of morphology and the form of its occurrence under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Pyrolyzed samples were used to obtain pore structures of autochthonous and secondary OM from a lacustrine shale from high to over mature stages. The SEM observations indicated that the secondary OM is porous, whereas the autochthonous OM is nonporous. Further, nitrogen adsorption data showed that nanopores in the autochthonous OM are blocked in non-extracted samples and reoccurred after extraction, whereas nanopores in the secondary OM remain open from high to over mature stages. Moreover, the pore structure, i.e., pore type and pore size, differed for autochthonous and secondary OM in the lacustrine shale. For instance, nanopores in the autochthonous OM were micropores (smaller than 1.5 nm); nanopores in the secondary OM were mesopores (ranging from 5 to 20 nm) and micropores. Nanopores in the autochthonous OM were formed at reflectance values (Ro) of 1.50%, but they were slightly destroyed at the over mature stage. Nanopores in the secondary OM were formed at 2.00% Ro and were preserved. Therefore, the development of OM nanopores in the lacustrine shale was synchronously affected by the type of OM and maturity. Furthermore, nanopores in the secondary OM were more developed than those in the autochthonous OM; thus, the OM nanopores at the high mature stage belonged to the autochthonous OM, and those at the over mature stage mainly belonged to the secondary OM. Besides, the nanopores in the autochthonous OM are easily blocked. Therefore, the secondary OM is important to the development of OM nanopores in the lacustrine shale at the over mature stage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pore Structure of Organic Matter in the Lacustrine Shale from High to Over Mature Stages: An Approach of Artificial Thermal Simulation

2022

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“…Pores inside kerogen are highly heterogeneous. 16,88,125 Zhang has differentiated the type of pores based on initial structures of organic matter, 126 but those pores are preserved pores of the initial organic matter, which change with thermal maturity. No studies were done on isolated maceral pores, which could shed some light on pores of different macerals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Role of Organic Matter in Gas Adsorption in Shale

Bakshi

Vishal

2021

Energy Fuels

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Shale gas exploration has gained tremendous attention worldwide, because of the successful development and progress in exploitation technology in the North American and Chinese basins. Since organic-rich shales are good sources of gas, and thick layers of such shales are present worldwide, significant potential exists for countries with such reservoirs. For efficient exploitation of shale gas reserves, a thorough understanding of the methane storage mechanism is required. Several physico-chemical–mechanical factors, along with heterogeneity in shales influence the storage mechanism, and add to the complexities of the unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir. Thus, a systematic investigation is essential to explore the nature of shale, and to assess the factors influencing their gas storage capacities. Among other factors, organic matter content is considered to be a crucial factor for gas storage and transport. This paper attempts to critically review the pore attributes of the organic matter present in shale by a thorough assessment of scientific articles. We comprehensively describe the factors that affect the behaviour of shale that lead to the differences in pore characteristics. This paper highlights shale as an adsorbent; explains the different gas adsorption isotherm types, adsorption thermodynamics, and molecular simulation of methane sorption behavior in kerogen. Additional factors that influence the organic pore characteristics (total organic content, kerogen type, and thermal maturity) have been critically reviewed and discussed. Finally, the article highlights the dependence of these factors along with moisture and temperature, on shale’s methane sorption capacity. The article points out the research gaps in the field, while discussing experimental protocols of gas adsorption analysis. Future suggestions for understanding the methane sorption capacity in shales are also provided.

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“…Six optimizers were used in this study to conduct feature selection. These are: differential evolution (DE) (Zhang et al, 2020); cuckoo search optimizer (CSO) (Wood, 2016); Jaya (Rao, 2016), particle swarm optimizer (PSO, Atashnezhad et al, 2014); sin-cosine algorithm (SCA) (Abualigah and Diabat, 2021); and Salp swarm algorithm (Faris et al, 2020). These optimizers were selected based on their rapid execution times and accuracies observed with a range of lithological datasets.…”

Section: Workflow Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Well-log attributes assist in the determination of reservoir formation tops in wells with sparse well-log data

Wood

2023

Adv. Geo-Energy Res.

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Differential evolution and the influencing factors of low-maturity terrestrial shale with different types of kerogen: A case study of a Jurassic shale from the northern margin of Qaidam Basin，China

Cited by 14 publications

References 73 publications

Pore Structure of Organic Matter in the Lacustrine Shale from High to Over Mature Stages: An Approach of Artificial Thermal Simulation

Pore Structure of Organic Matter in the Lacustrine Shale from High to Over Mature Stages: An Approach of Artificial Thermal Simulation

A Review on the Role of Organic Matter in Gas Adsorption in Shale

Well-log attributes assist in the determination of reservoir formation tops in wells with sparse well-log data

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