Differential gene expression is tied to photochemical efficiency reduction in virally infected Emiliania huxleyi

Gilg, IC; Archer, Stephen D.; Floge, SA; Fields, David M.; Vermont, AI; Wilson, WH; Martínez, Joaquín Martínez

doi:10.3354/meps11805

Cited by 13 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…nucleotides, lipids, proteins, and energy). Decreased photosynthetic efficiency (Evans et al ., ; Bidle et al ., ) and increased nonphotochemical quenching (Llewellyn et al ., ) during EhV infection suggest an uncoupling of photosynthetic electron flow and impaired photophysiology (Evans et al ., ), findings that are supported by transcriptomic analysis of photosynthetic‐related genes during infection (Rosenwasser et al ., ; Gilg et al ., ). However, the mechanistic connection between light, EhV infection, and host metabolism has yet to be fully characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Light regulation of coccolithophore host–virus interactions

et al. 2018

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Viruses that infect photoautotrophs have a fundamental relationship with light, given the need for host resources.We investigated the role of light on Coccolithovirus (EhV) infection of the globally distributed coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. Light was required for EhV adsorption, and viral production was highest when host cultures were maintained in continuous light or at irradiance levels of 150-300 lmol m À2 s À1 . During the early stages of infection, photosynthetic electron transport remained high, while RuBisCO expression decreased concomitant with an induction of the pentose phosphate pathway, the primary source of de novo nucleotides. A mathematical model developed and fitted to the laboratory data supported the hypothesis that EhV replication was controlled by a trade-off between host nucleotide recycling and de novo synthesis, and that photoperiod and photon flux could toggle this switch.Laboratory results supported field observations that light was the most robust driver of EhV replication within E. huxleyi populations collected across a 2000 nautical mile transect in the North Atlantic.Collectively, these findings demonstrate that light can drive host-virus interactions through a mechanistic interplay between host metabolic processes, which serve to structure infection and phytoplankton mortality in the upper ocean.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Light regulation of coccolithophore host–virus interactions

et al. 2018

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“…Both these experiments employed the same EhV stock, virus:host ratio, and culture volume, and only differed in the length of time of the experiment (Table 1). We have shown in this study and elsewhere (Gilg et al 2016;Vermont et al 2016) that under comparable conditions infection dynamics and virus production are highly reproducible. E. huxleyi and O. marina cell concentrations were monitored in each flask by FCM.…”

Section: Oxyrrhis Marina Specific Growth and Grazing Ratessupporting

confidence: 75%

“…1). The infection dynamics of E. huxleyi (CCMP374) and viral (EhV-86) production are highly consistent and reproducible when using the same host and virus strains and conditions, in particular when using the same virus lysate stock for a series of experiments within 2-4 weeks (Gilg et al 2016;Vermont et al 2016). Infected cells begin to release virus progeny at around 4.5 h p.i.…”

Section: Emiliania Huxleyi Virus Infection Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…A quantitative understanding of the pathways and factors that affect the flow of organic C in marine systems is key to understanding community structure and for predicting resource availability to support important commercial species. Although it is known that viral infection of algal cells alters crucial cellular and biogeochemical processes (Evans et al 2009;Gilg et al 2016;Malitsky et al 2016;Rosenwasser et al 2014;Suzuki & Suzuki 2006), the impacts of these changes on the nutritional value of cells and on the grazing and growth rates of both microand macrozooplankton are largely unexplored (Evans & Wilson 2008;Vermont et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The collapse of E. huxleyi blooms have O. MARINA RESPONSE TO INFECTED PREY 4 been linked to infection by double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses (EhVs) (Bratbak et al 1993;Brussaard et al 1996;Wilson et al 2002). Infection with EhV causes rapid physiological changes in E. huxleyi that divert host resources toward virus replication and assembly; e.g., decreased photochemical efficiency (Gilg et al 2016) and altered metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, FA, and nucleotide biosynthesis (Evans et al 2009;Malitsky et al 2016;Rosenwasser et al 2014). Within three hours post inoculation with EhV, infected cultures shift from producing polyunsaturated (PUFA) to monounsaturated (MUFA) and saturated (SFA) fatty acids relative to non-infected cultures (Floge 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Information 2: Complete Raw Dataset

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The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi forms some of the largest phytoplankton blooms in the ocean. The rapid demise of these blooms has been linked to viral infections. E. huxleyi abundance, distribution, and nutritional status make them an important food source for the heterotrophic protists which are classified as microzooplankton in marine food webs. In this study we investigated the fate of E. huxleyi (CCMP 374) infected with virus strain EhV-86 in a simple predator-prey interaction. The ingestion rates of Oxyrrhis marina were significantly lower (between 26.9 and 50.4%) when fed virus-infected E. huxleyi cells compared to non-infected cells. Despite the lower ingestion rates, O. marina showed significantly higher growth rates (between 30 and 91.3%) when fed infected E. huxleyi cells, suggesting higher nutritional value and/or greater assimilation of infected E. huxleyi cells. No significant differences were found in O. marina cell volumes or fatty acids profiles. These results show that virally infected E. huxleyi support higher growth rates of single celled heterotrophs and in addition to the "viral shunt" hypothesis, viral infections may also divert more carbon to mesozooplankton grazers.

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Modeling the avoidance behavior of zooplankton on phytoplankton infected by free viruses

et al. 2020

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In any ecosystem, chaotic situations may arise from equilibrium state for different reasons.To overcome these chaotic situations sometimes the system itself exhibits some mechanisms of selfadaptability. In this paper, we explore an eco-epidemiological model consisting of three aquatic groups: phytoplankton, zooplankton and marine free viruses. We assume that the phytoplankton population are infected by external free viruses and zooplankton get affected on consumption of infected phytoplankton; also the infected phytoplankton do not compete for resources with the susceptible one. In addition, we model a mechanism by which zooplankton recognize and avoid infected phytoplankton, at least when susceptible phytoplankton are present. The zooplankton extinction chance increases on increasing the force of infection or decreasing the intensity of avoidance. Further, when the viral infection triggers chaotic dynamics, high zooplankton avoidance intensity can stabilize again the system. Interestingly, for high avoidance intensity, nutrient enrichment has a destabilizing effect on the system dynamics, which is in line with the paradox of enrichment. Global sensitivity analysis helps to identify the most significant parameters that reduce the infected phytoplankton in the system. Finally, we

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Differential gene expression is tied to photochemical efficiency reduction in virally infected Emiliania huxleyi

Cited by 13 publications

References 70 publications

Light regulation of coccolithophore host–virus interactions

Light regulation of coccolithophore host–virus interactions

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Modeling the avoidance behavior of zooplankton on phytoplankton infected by free viruses

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